A framework for the generalization of 3D city models
Algorithme ; Allemagne ; Concept ; Construction urbaine ; Modèle ; Modèle 3D ; Modèle numérique ; Ville
Algorithm ; Concept ; Germany ; Model ; Numerical model ; Town ; Urban construction
Les AA proposent un cadre pour la généralisation des modèles urbains en 3D très détaillés qui prennent en compte une hiérarchie des caractéristiques et des algorithmes de généralisation. Cela exige un haut niveau d'information sémantique qui n'est
Comparative study ; Conceptual model ; Geographical information system ; Hydrology ; Iran ; Model ; Precipitation ; Runoff ; Watershed
Three geomorphological models, based on linear reservoirs cascade, are developed; two of the models are unit hydrograph (UH) models and one contains a non-linear routing approach. In the first UH model, each sub-basin is represented as a cascade
of equal linear reservoirs (Nash's model) which directly discharges to the watershed oulet through a linear channel. In the second UH model each sub-basin is represented as a linear reservoir arranged in a sequence based on the drainage network. Two
important properties of these three models are that they consider the effect of watershed geomorphology and include only one parameter which can be estimated using observed rainfall-runoff data. GIS tools are used for determining the watershed
geomorphological parameters. The results of these models are compared with the Nash's black box and the geomorphological SCS models for the Amameh watershed, Iran. Although the results show that the proposed models yield good efficiency in rainfall-runoff modeling
, the semi-distributed routing ability in the second and third models produces better results.
Flood ; Forecast ; Icedam ; Mathematical model ; Model ; Numerical model
Revue de l'état présent du problème de la modélisation numérique des embâcles. Descriptions et algorithmes des modèles mathématiques des embâcles. Application pratique à la prévision de crue d'embâcle.
Biomass ; Cultivated plants ; Dynamic model ; Mathematical model ; Model ; Ukraine
Problèmes de la croissance et du temps biologique des cultures agricoles. Système fermé d'équations pour le calcul de la biomasse sèche totale et du temps biologique des plantes. Paramètres du modèle et vérification de celui-ci sur la base de
L'A. montre que, dans le cas de modèles comportant des décalages spatiaux et des erreurs spatiales avec des matrices de pondération fortement connectées, les estimations du paramètre de dépendance spatiale sont nécessairement biaisées et sous
Specification of spatial models : a simulation study on weights matrices
Calcul matriciel ; Economie spatiale ; Econométrie ; Modèle ; Méthode de Monte Carlo ; Pondération spatiale ; Simulation
Econometry ; Matrix analysis ; Model ; Monte Carlo analysis ; Simulation ; Spatial economy ; Spatial weighting
La spécification correcte des modèles spatiaux, notamment le choix de la matrice spatiale des pondérations, représente une décision cruciale. Etude de sensibilité sur le test et l'estimation de modèles spatiaux avec des spécifications différentes
Bank erosion ; Channel geometry ; Flood ; Freeze-thaw cycle ; Gravel ; Meander ; Model ; Numerical model ; Pennsylvania ; River bed ; Stream ; United States of America
In this paper, a model is presented for the erosion of cohesive river bank profiles caused by single high flows. The model is based on extensive observations of eroding banks obtained between November 1985 and March 1988, along a meander bend
A kinematic wave based watershed model for soil erosion and sediment yield
Bassin-versant ; Bilan sédimentaire ; Erosion des sols ; Inde ; Mahārāshtra ; Modèle ; Système d'information géographique ; Télédétection
Geographical information system ; India ; Maharashtra ; Model ; Remote sensing ; Sediment budget ; Soil erosion ; Watershed
In this study, a finite element method based soil erosion and sediment yield model has been developed for overland and streamflow. The one dimensional conservation of mass of sediment flow equation has been solved based on kinematic wave flow
approximation and Galerkin's based numerical solution. Various thematic maps required for the model are prepared using Geographical Information System (GIS). Land use/Land cover is extracted from remotely sensed data. The proposed finite element based
distributed model has been used for the estimation of soil erosion and sediment outflow by discretizing the watershed into small grids. The soil erosion and sediment outflow model has been developed and applied to Khadakohol watershed located in Nashik
Altitude ; Chine ; Date 1820 ; Distribution spatiale ; Géographie historique ; Modèle ; Pente de versant ; Sol cultivé ; Utilisation du sol
Altitude ; China ; Cultivated land ; Historical geography ; Land use ; Model ; Slope gradient ; Spatial distribution
The AA. first select and quantify the major drivers of the historical cropland distribution, and conduct an empirical model to pixelize the historical cropland data. In a case study, this model is used to reconstruct the pixelized cropland data
based on provincial records in 1820. They then statistically test the results with the prefectural records in 1820 to check the efficiency of the model. The gridding model conducted in this study can well introduce the numerous cropland data
into the climate model or the other integrated global change models.
China's shoe manufacturing and the Wenzhou model : perspectives on the world's leading producer and exporter of footwear
Observations sur les districts industriels et le développement régional. L'industrie mondiale de la chaussure. L'établissement de la recherche. Restructuration institutionnelle et remake du modèle de Wenzhou. Le nouveau modèle de district industriel
Testing the hypothesis of stability in spatial econometric models
Analyse de régression ; Analyse spatiale ; Calcul matriciel ; Interaction spatiale ; Modèle économétrique ; Stabilité structurale ; Test
Econometric model ; Matrix analysis ; Regression analysis ; Spatial analysis ; Spatial interaction ; Structural stability ; Test
Discussion sur l'hétérogénéité dans un modèle économétrique spatial. Les AA. utilisent une notion très large du terme hétérogénéité, en association avec différents indices de stabilité dans les éléments de l'équation. Il est question de problèmes
Australia ; Economic growth ; Employment ; Model ; Regional economy ; Socio-economic system
Elaboration d'un modèle pour étudier les variations spatiales concernant la croissance ou le déclin de l'emploi régional endogène, période 1991-2001, échelle des régions non-métropolitaines des cinq Etats australiens. Définition d'une composante
The identification of a reliable geodynamic/tectonic model for the Italian region would be extremely useful for several practical purposes, in particular for quantifying the parameters to be used for seismic hazard assessment. In this work, the AA
. argue that the model presently adopted as a basis for elaborating the seismic classification of the Italian territory is not compatible with several major features of the observed deformation pattern and that, consequently, such choice should
be reconsidered, taking into account an alternative geodynamic model that can much better explain the major tectonic events occurred in the central Mediterranean region since the late Miocene. - (NF)
Aragón ; Collapse structures ; Doline ; Ebro ; Geographical information system ; Hazard ; Karst ; Model ; Natural hazards ; Preventive measure ; Probability ; Spain ; Valley
This paper presents a method of quantitatively developing and independently testing sinkhole susceptibility and hazard models in a 50 km2 sector of the Ebro Valley evaporite karst in northeast Spain. Three genetic types of sinkholes have been mapped
in the floodplain and a terrace surface. Sinkhole susceptibility models have been elaborated analysing the statistical relationships between the sinkholes of the 2005 inventory and a set of potential conditioning factors. The independent evaluation (validation
) of the susceptibility models by means of several strategies (random, sequentially excluded, and temporal) has allowed the AA. to select the most significant variables for each sinkhole type and assess quantitatively the quality of models which are reasonable for the 3
sinkholes types. The best susceptibility model has been transformed into a hazard map considering the frequency of sinkholes that occurred in each susceptibility class between 2005 and 2006, as well as their average size. The susceptibility and hazard models
Evaluation des mécanismes de génération des mouvements verticaux dans les modèles globaux et de leurs champs initiaux en lien avec la prévision numérique des précipitations
Atmospheric circulation ; Forecast ; Meteorology ; Model ; Numerical model ; Precipitation ; Vertical movement
Précision relative des prévisions modèles des précipitations. Caractéristiques de la baroclinité dans la moitié inférieure de la troposphère. Effets des circulations verticales profondes. Instabilité convective de l'échelle réticulaire.
Enhanced application of root-reinforcement algorithms for bank-stability modeling
Algorithme ; Cours d'eau ; Erosion des berges ; Etats-Unis ; Lutte contre l'érosion ; Massachusetts ; Modèle ; Système racinaire ; Végétation ripicole
Algorithm ; Bank erosion ; Erosion control ; Massachusetts ; Model ; Riparian vegetation ; Stream ; United States of America
in root density with depth are studied so that root-reinforcement estimates obtained by RipRoot can be correctly applied to the layering within model runs of the bank stability and toe erosion model (BSTEM). It was found that stream-bank varied the most
From a literature review including more than 15 erosion models, the AA. have identified 3 main methods used to measure these properties : agregate stability and splash cup detachability, methods performed in the laboratory using only a few grams
. This numerical study shows that erodibility measurements from the 3 major assessment methods give different results regarding the contribution of interrill erosion and show that the sensitivity of erosion modeling to interrill erodibility may in fact be greater
The influence of population size on the relevance of demand or supply models for local public goods : evidence from France
Collectivité locale ; Dépenses publiques ; France ; Modèle ; Pouvoir local ; Secteur public ; Service public ; Test
France ; Local authority ; Local government unit ; Model ; Public expenditure ; Public sector ; Public service ; Test
pouvoirs locaux à leur électorat est identique selon qu'on considère des communes de petite ou de grande taille. Le modèle de l'électeur médian est rejeté pour les 1579 communes de plus de 5000 habitants, pour lesquelles l'ajustement du modèle mû par
The AA. investigated quantitatively the propagation of a reactivated strike-slip fault through a sedimentary cover with 5 simplified analogue models that reproduce a chain with its frontal allochtonous wedge overrunning the foreland. The results
(in Italy Molise-Gondola shear zone, Southern Apennines, and Scicli-Ragusa line, Sicily) in view of the modeling results. - (NF)