Balance ; Energie ; Energie nucléaire ; Exportation ; Géographie de l'Europe ; Importation ; Tchécoslovaquie
The energybalance, fuel consumption, electricity, coal, coke and other energy output development, exports and imports of energy to Czechoslovakia and evolution of new energy basis especially of nuclear energy.
Energybalance ; Evaporation ; Florida ; Miami ; Radiation ; Subtropical zone ; United States of America ; Urban climate
Summertime measurements of local scale energybalance of a suburban site in a hot, wet climate, west Miami, in 1995, are presented. All of the radiation and turbulent heat fluxes were measured directly. In addition several derived surface
characteristics are calculated including the albedo, radiation temperature, emissivity, aerodynamic and canopy resistances. The results are used to test parameterizations to calculate several heat fluxes, including the fraction of energy used in evaporation.
, and the relative importance of atmospheric and surface controls on the energybalance.
Recent physical climatology research (radiation and energy budget) from North American alpine tundra environments is summarized and directions for further research suggested: analyses of the spatial variations of albedo, the role of sloping surfaces
Commerce extérieur ; Economies d'énergie ; Energie ; Energie nouvelle ; France ; Géographie de l'Europe ; Politique énergétique ; Source d'énergie
Situation et perspectives énergétiques générales. Besoins français d'énergie. Possibilités de couverture des besoins français. Comment réduire la dépendance du pays. Comment diminuer la charge de la balance commerciale. (INRA).
Greenhouse gas and sulfate aerosol experiments using a simple global-energy-balance model
Aerosol ; Climatic variation ; Energybalance ; Global change ; Greenhouse effect ; Human impact ; Model ; Precipitation ; Temperature
A one-dimensional global-energy-balance model is used to simulate the climate response of increasing atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations and sulfate aerosol loadings. The results from a simple numerical model provide interesting comparisons
Energy, economy and environment in the Czech Republic
Czech Republic ; Economy ; Energy ; Energybalance ; Energy resources ; Natural gas ; Oil ; Twenty-first century
Bilan énergétique ; Economie ; Energie ; Gaz naturel ; Pétrole ; Ressource énergétique ; Siècle 21 ; Tchèque république
Situation and problems of energy and power industry in the country since 1989. The transition process is analysed with respect to the historical and regional background. In 21st century the Republic will have to face not only to resources of oil
Balance ; COMECON ; Energie ; Europe ; Géographie humaine ; Importance soviétique ; Structure
Role and dynamics of the basic energy-bearers in the SMEA countries and the significance of USSR to secure them with energy. Structure of fuel-power balance, classification concerning the degree of energy supply.
Energy ; Energybalance ; European part of Russia ; Moscow ; Regularization ; Runoff ; Stream ; Turbulence
Bilan énergétique ; Cours d'eau ; Ecoulement ; Ecoulement sous-glaciaire ; Energie ; Moskva ; Russie d'Europe ; Régularisation ; Turbulence
Examen du bilan énergétique d'un écoulement sous-glaciaire dans un cours d'eau régulé sur la partie de pente constante. Evaluation du rapport des pertes d'énergie dues au frottement visqueux à l'énergie totale d'écoulement.
The paper presents the method of topoclimatic mapping which bases on the analyse of the heat balance of an active surface. The classification considers the structure of the radiation balance as well as the quantity of another components of the heat
Detecting energy-balance modifications at the onset of spring
Biogeography ; Climate ; Climatic data ; Energybalance ; Oklahoma ; Phenology ; Spring ; United States of America ; Vegetation cycle
The AA. explore a new-phenology-based strategy for evaluating the spring surface energy-balance shift. Their technique can reflect native-species responses and atmospheric surface layer change at a variety of sites, using synoptic-scale first leaf
of spring in midlatitudes is a modally abrupt (rather than gradual) seasonal transition in terms of energybalance and carbon-flux change that can be linked directly to vegetation phenology.
This paper describes a point surface energybalance model which runs whithin the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet package. The study incorporates a large amount of previous energybalance work and presents it in a useable form. The core model calculates
Bulgaria ; Energetic reserve ; Energy consumption ; Energy;Power
The energybalance of Bulgaria is characterized by slow increase of the production and rapid expansion of the consumption of energy. From 17th in 1960 Bulgaria moved to 6th position in Europe by 1988 regarding the conditional fuel consumption
. The Bulgarian energy deficit is high - since 1975 about 62 % of the energy is imported and the relevant expences teach up to 3/4 of the agricultural export earnings of the country. - (MB)
Global energybalance and regional hydrology : a Burgundian case study
Atmospheric circulation ; Burgundy ; Climatic variation ; France ; Global change ; Greenhouse effect ; Model ; North America ; Paleoclimate ; Statistics ; Water balance
hydrological balance and presumably can be used to predict the effects of changing global energybalance on regional moisture.
In this article a link between annual global temperature and regional hydrological balance in east central France is demonstrated. Statistical significance and transfer functions are calculated using generally available data (stream discharge
Glavni izmenija v energijnija balans na socialisticeskite strani v Evropa (bez SSSR) Fundamental changes in the energybalance of the European socialist countries (the USSR excluded)
Besoins énergétiques ; Charbon ; Consommation d'énergie ; Dépendance énergétique ; Energie ; Europe ; Europe de l'Est ; Géographie de l'Europe ; Politique énergétique ; Source d'énergie
The structure and changes of energybalance are traced out for the period 1950-85 on the basis of conditional fuel (coal equivalent unit). In East Europe the coal bears 59 % of the calculated conditional fuel in 1985. The A. introduces relevant
from USSR). Gas extraction reaches 42 mld m3 and its consumption - 65 mld m3 (USSR being the only exporter). The rest of energy bearers in East Europe are also analyzed. - (MB)
Modelling alpine permafrost distribution based on energy-balance data : a first step
Alps (The) ; Energybalance ; Meltwater ; Model ; Mountain ; Periglacial features ; Permafrost ; Snow ; Soil temperature ; Switzerland
The computer model PERMEBAL (which stands for Permafrost and EnergyBalance) simulates the persistence of snow cover and daily ground surface temperatures of snow-free gridpoints. It was developed for high-mountain conditions. The model describes
different vertical energy fluxes at the surface. Special emphasis is given to simulation of snow-cover development (snow fall, snow redistribution, snowmelt). The aim is to model ground thermal conditions and thus permafrost distribution. The model
This paper analyzes summer, 1986, daily surface energy budgets, ablation, and variations of synoptic weather types experienced on the West Gulkana Glacier. Daily summer (June-August) synoptic conditions analyzed for the period 1948-86 were
Air temperature ; Albedo ; Bibliography ; Energybalance ; Glacier ; Meltwater ; Model ; Radiation
During the last few decades, a large variety of melt models have been developed, ranging from simple temperature-index to sophisticated energy-balance models. There is a recent trend towards modelling with both high temporal and spatial resolution
, modelling of turbulent fluxes and spatial and temporal variability in albedo constitute major uncertainties in current energy-balance models, and thus need further research.