De l'utilité d'une observation distanciée des espaces. Observation et interprétation de vues aériennes obliques. Observation et lecture diachroniques. Observation et découverte.
Evaluation of model performance when the observed data are subject to error
This paper addresses the effect of observational errors on the mean squared error, the mean bias error and the mean absolute deviation through the derivation of a statistical framework and Monte Carlo simulation. Examination of scaled differences
between modelled and observed values, where the differences are divided by the estimated standard errors of the observed values, is suggested as a diagnostic tool for determining whether random observational errors are significant.
Subglacial observations from Øksfjordjøkelen, North Norway
This paper reports limited subglacial observations from 1991 and 1993 and more extensive work during 1992. It attempts to explain and evaluate their effect with reference to present subglacial theory, experimental work and previous subglacial
Kortlaegning af Mitdluagkat Gletscheren og nogle hydro-glaciologiske observationer (Cartographie du glacier Mitdluagkat et observations hydroglaciologiques)
Climate ; Climatic variability ; Climatic variation ; Data ; Observation network ; World
Présentation détaillée du système mondial mis en place en 1992 p^our faire progresser la connaissance du climat, par la conjonction des observations terrestres, océaniques et atmosphériques. L'accent est mis sur l'analyse de la variabilité et sur la
The paper critically examines how these organisationssought to articulate the individual as both observer and observed. It emphasises the importance of the act of not-being-seen as complementary and fundamental aspect of (non-)observational practice
, promoted by civic institutions in terms of duty and responsibility. The evolutionary aspects of observation through the lifecourse are considered.
Climatology ; Illinois ; Methodology ; Observation network ; Precipitation ; United States
that could measure up to 140 mm of rain. The large number of sites precludes random observer bias as a factor. This analysis illustrates that climatologists can safely utilize volunteers observers for research.