Landscape Character Assessment as an Approach to Understanding Public Interests within the European Landscape Convention
England ; Landscape ; Perception ; Scotland ; United Kingdom
The European Landscape Convention's (ELC) definition of landscape, “an area, as perceived by people…”, places the public central to any understanding of landscape. This paper argues for ‘just’ involvement of the public and looks at how the focus
of landscape as a perceived entity has been taken up within Landscape Character Assessment (LCA), an approach applied in England and Scotland for implementing the ELC. Based on a conceptual framework grounded in perception as a phenomenological experience
of landscape and informed by principles of participation, LCAs from 2007 to 2011 have been assessed as to how public involvement has been considered. The results show that only a quarter of all assessments accessed involved the public, and that among
This paper investigates differences in opinion about the attractiveness of these landscapes between groups of people according to their linguistic area and other socio-demographic characteristics in Belgium. Dutch speakers found chessboard agrarian
landscapes more attractive. Less educated par-ticipants felt more positive towards anthropogenic landscapes. Women were more attracted by farmed fields. Qualitative data added depth to the analysis, permitting to explore different ways in which people related
The European Landscape Convention emphasises the need for public participation in landscape planning and management. This demands understanding of how people perceive and observe landscapes. This can objectively be measured using eye tracking
, a system recording eye movements and fixations while observing images. In this study, 23 participants were asked to observe 90 landscape photographs, representing 18 landscape character types in Flanders (Belgium) differing in degree of openness
and heterogeneity. For each landscape, five types of photographs were shown, varying in view angle. This experiment design allowed testing the effect of the landscape characteristics and photograph types on the observation pattern, measured by Eye-tracking Metrics
(ETM). The results show that panoramic and detail photographs are observed differently than the other types. The degree of openness and heterogeneity also seems to exert a significant influence on the observation of the landscape.
Agricultural landscape sustainability is affected by combinations of agricultural developments and various forms of urbanisation. This paper analyses how public policy, including spatial planning, has responded over time and affected these two
. Most of these farmers are hobby farmers with an urban income who have moved from an urban setting to the rural landscape. As such, these hobby farmers represent a form of urbanisation, usually termed ‘counter-urbanisation’, and they manage the landscape
differently to full-time farmers, while they also affect demand for land and thus price levels. Furthermore, long-term and recent developments in public policy as responses to changing agricultural landscapes are analysed and discussed. With a focus on counter
. The paper proposes a collaborative landscape planning approach to ensure policy integration and to promote agricultural landscape sustainability.
2014
[b1] Forest and Landscape, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Danemark
Commemorative Landscapes to the Missing: The HMAS Sydney II Memorial
Army ; Australia ; Commemorative landscape ; Death ; Heritage-scape ; Landscape ; War ; Western Australia ; postmemory ; the missing ; trauma
in Geraldton, a highly symbolic and emotive memory landscape, was built. This paper explores this memorial as a memorial landscape to ‘the missing’—a special category of military death—and examines how this landscape offers closure to the trauma of survivors
and subsequent generations by providing a narrative landscape that attempts to heal distress caused by an absent body.
Planning Rural-Urban Landscapes: Railways and Countryside Urbanisation in South-West Flanders, Belgium (1830–1930)
Belgium ; Flanders ; Land use ; Landscape ; Nineteenth Century ; Planning ; Public works ; Railway network ; Rural landscape ; Transport network ; Twentieth Century ; Urban landscape ; Urbanization ; infrastructure planning ; landscape history
-urban landscapes in south-west Flanders qualifies and substantiates this assertion by analysing pre-war keystone processes of infrastructure planning in relation to land-use patterns and landscape transformations. The research reveals that not only
the development of rural-urban landscapes reaches back far beyond the welfare state, fuelled by railways prior to highways, but also shows that the supposedly chaotic hybrid landscape has its roots in drawn-out landscape ideologies inscribed in public works policy
. The analysis—which crosses the divides between disciplines (landscape and infrastructure planning), concepts (rural-urban, modern-traditional), and geographical scales (national, regional, local)—reveals consistently planned mechanisms of public works policy
and landscape change underlying both the diffuse regional urbanisation patterns and local landscape transformations, which are generally perceived as spontaneous or vernacular developments. Infrastructure planning facilitated a spatial organisation
This article examines landscape policies and the inclusion of the landscape level (geomorphology, land cover and coasts/island) in the spatial planning national framework in Greece (Attica, Thessaly, Epirus and the Cyclades). It investigates
the most important processes of change for each type and links these processes with spatial planning policy. The identification of these dynamics sheds light on current and future trajectories of the changes of Greek landscapes, thus providing challenges
for its management in the context of the European Landscape Convention.
Local Visions of the Landscape: Participatory Photographic Survey of the World Heritage Site, the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras
Fresh approaches to visual methods in landscape studies
Landscape ; Participation ; Philippines ; Photography ; World heritage
Inscription as a World Heritage Site increases tourism and the area is depicted in a variety of media. Many stereotypical landscapes have been formed in this way. A lot of research has focused on landscapes as formed by outsiders ; however
, the landscape of the local residents has not been well analysed. Here, we used a participatory photographic survey to examine the landscape of the local residents of the World Heritage Site, the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras in Ifugao Province
of the landscape taken by the local residents.
2014
[b1] Cultural Landscape Section, Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Japon
Preservation and Development : The Cultural Landscape and Heritage Paradox in the Netherlands
Pathways towards Local Scale Policy Integration in Agricultural Landscapes
Cultural identity ; Cultural landscape ; Cultural patrimony ; Development ; Landscape ; Netherlands (The) ; Site preservation
Heritage managers and spatial planners have traditionally developed conservation-oriented (that is, defensive) strategies to protect archaeological–historical values in rural landscapes. However, despite increasing government policy conservation
efforts, rural landscapes face continuous encroachment. In the Netherlands, an interdisciplinary research programme entitled ‘Protecting and Developing the Archaeological-Historical Landscape’ has explored an alternative approach that focuses on non
-destructive change with the help of the concept of landscape biography. This paper presents an overview of the underlying philosophy and the lessons learned from two specific cases. The maintenance-by-way-of-development concept can help resolve the apparent
paradox between landscape heritage preservation and development. The development strategy combines storytelling and scientific analysis in order to assist in the building of territorial identity. However, the fact that the policy concept and the underlying
Integrating Archaeology and Landscape Analysis for the Cultural Heritage Management of a World War I Militarised Landscape: The German Field Defences in Antwerp
Aerial photography ; Antwerpen ; Belgium ; Flanders ; Heritage-scape ; Landscape ; SWOT analysis ; Spatial analysis ; Twentieth Century ; Twenty-first century ; WWI aerial photography ; War ; World War I conflict archaeology ; landscape change
effective and sustainable heritage management. In addition, there is need for interdisciplinary research on how war and socio-natural landscapes reciprocally reproduce each other in time and space. The focus of this paper is a WWI defence system
in the Province of Antwerp (Belgium), some 100 km to the east of the actual Western frontline. Research included the inventory and evaluation of the remaining above-ground relics of military features in a landscape archaeological perspective, based on WWI aerial
photographs, historical maps and fieldwork. Landscape types and dynamics were identified from 1918 to 2011, based on a time series of aerial photos and maps, complemented with fieldwork. Second, an overall vision was formulated for sustainable heritage
management of the militarised landscape. Both vision and practical recommendations are immediately useful for policy makers and stakeholders.
Strategies for Enhancing Landscape Architecture Research
ECLAS ; Education ; Higher education ; Knowledge ; Landscape ; Landscape architecture ; Research ; Research technique ; doctoral programmes ; research strategies
universitaire, comme l'évaluation de la recherche.#Landscape architects have always felt that they benefit, in practice and education, from fundamental and applied research. The results of recent surveys among landscape architecture educators now make
it possible to conduct a substantive discussion about the connections between research on the one hand and teaching and practice on the other. Such connections, it seems, are still weak. To develop these connections and be able to define landscape architecture
these objectives into practice include organising conferences, colloquia and seminars on research and research methodologies, and developing network activities for academic exchange, including links with research communities outside landscape architecture.
2014
[b1] Landscape Architecture, Wageningen University
Local place names as a part of landscape memory (Case study from Haná region, Czech Republic)
This paper presents the research results regarding the level of knowledge of the landscape place names in the Haná region (Czech Republic) in children belonging to the age group of primary school pupils. It was revealed by the method
of questionnaire survey that the majority of pupils in rural schools in Haná do not currently know the specific local names in the landscape. At present, a large share in maintaining the knowledge of landscape local names can be attributed to local and regional
social activities aimed at conservation of the traditions of folk culture and at maintaining the relationship of the young generation to the landscape. - (EN)
Fresh approaches to visual methods in landscape studies
Cultural patrimony ; Cultural studies ; Landscape ; Planning ; Urban fringe
This paper discusses the condition and legibility of prehistoric grave mounds and their landscape context and assesses legibility for experts and lay people by combining archaeological landscape analysis and visual historicity landscape analysis
. At the fringe, the monuments were mostly both non-visible and had a changed context. Accepting that the prehistoric context has changed, within landscape planning and heritage management, recognising cultural heritage as features in the present-day landscape can
2014
[b1] Department of Landscape Architecture and Spatial Planning, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, As, Norvege
[b2] Landscape Department, Norwegian Institute for Cultural Heritage Research, Norvege
Policy Integration for Sustainable Agricultural Landscapes : Taking Stock of UK Policy and Practice
Pathways towards Local Scale Policy Integration in Agricultural Landscapes
Agricultural landscape ; Farm ; Farmer ; Landscape ; Sustainable development ; United Kingdom
This paper examines English experience with agri-environment schemes as a tool to promote sustainable landscapes. Evidence is drawn from policy and academic literature and selected recent research. Performance is assessed by reference to key notions
of sustainable landscapes: spatial coherence, functionality and socio-cultural meaning. Whilst now widespread across England and well-supported by the environmental community, agri-environment schemes suffer from weaknesses in design and delivery including
insensitivity to the evolving needs and concerns of farming businesses, the wider policy context, and thereby to the integrity of the landscape. An upland case study illustrates problems of poor communication and advice, narrow and inconsistent delivery
, and under-recognition of social issues which together work against more sustainable agricultural landscapes. In the context of emerging EU and global challenges, a shift of emphasis towards systemic approaches, developed territorially in partnership
When the Everyday and the Sacred Collide: Positioning Płaszów in the Kraków Landscape
Cracow ; Cultural memory ; Poland ; Płaszów ; Sacred place ; Urban area ; Urban development ; Urban landscape ; concentration camp ; everyday landscapes ; sacred landscapes
In Kraków, Poland, the sacredness of the former Płaszów concentration camp is positioned within the everyday and urban landscape. The grievous history of the site contrasts the urbanity of the busy thoroughfare along one of the site's perimeters
commentary, I unpack the positioning of memory within the everyday landscape by means of landscape reading and visual methodologies. I critically consider the challenges of representing memory in everyday settings by (de)constructing Płaszów's memory layers
. Culminating around the question of how to maintain the site's sacristy amid an increasingly distractive urban landscape, these challenges position memories of the past alongside the stronger attachments we may have with places associated with our daily
Theorizing violence and the dialectics of landscape memorialization : a case study of Greensboro, North Carolina
Landscape ; Memorial monument ; North Carolina ; Race ; Social geography ; United States of America ; Violence
scientists must articulate more clearly how violence, as a theoretical construct, is abstracted from the concrete realities of lived experience and represented discursively and materially on the landscape. It concludes that the potential for, and actual
realized memorialization of landscapes of, violence is always and already a dialectical process of abstraction.
Agricultural landscape ; Classification ; Concept ; Cultural landscape ; European part of Russia ; Geo-ecology ; Landscape ; Landscape analysis ; Natural landscape ; Spatial distribution ; Valdai
A landscape in transition : The Arbuckle Mountains, 1870 to 1898
Agriculture ; Deciduous forest ; Habitat ; Human impact ; Land use ; Land utilisation ; Landscape ; Nineteenth Century ; Oklahoma ; United States of America ; Vegetation ; Wood
The AA. compare two historical data sets, from the 1870s and 1890s, respectively, to quantify changes in landscape structure and woody plant assemblages corresponding to rapid demographic changes occurring within the Arbuckle Mountains in Oklahoma
. During this period, the Public Land Survey System data show a landscape that became increasingly fragmented, as well as differences in stand composition and density. The documentation of these important historical anthropogenic changes occurring