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In honour of Professor Emeritus Hugh M. French : papers from the joint Meeting of the Canadian Geomorphology Research Group and l'Association Québécoise pour l'Etude du Quaternaire, May 2004. Special Issue
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by late summer and early winter subglacial discharge. The high solute concentrations lead to freezing-point depression, complex patterns of freezing and the formation of brine icings, together with a variety of mineral precipitates. Freezing-point
to below -15°c. Ground cooling in mid-winter occurred mainly through the snow-free ramparts because the ice-wedge troughs were filled by snow to depths of up to 30 cm.