Asia ; Conflict ; Euphrates ; Jordan ; Middle East ; Nile ; Political geography ; Water ; Water economics ; Water management ; Water resources
Analysis of the water resource conflicts in the three major international river basins of the Middle East: the Tigris-Euphrates, Nile, and Jordan-Yarmuk. - (DWG)
Water and soil resource conservation and utilization on the northwest side of Mount Kenya
Forest ; Hydrology ; Kenya ; Land use ; Water balance ; Water cycle;Water circulation ; Water resources
The forest belt between 2 400 and 3 500 m on Mt. Kenya is important for the supply of perennial water to streams and recharge of the groundwater table in the semi-arid plateau below. Two scales are used to study the interrelationships : water
balance of the Naro Moru Basin and water conservation in the foothills of Kalala and Matanya.―(DWG)
The water resources in the Euphrates river and the Tigris river valleys and political relation between countries concerned
Asia ; Geopolitics ; Iraq ; Middle East ; Political geography ; Runoff ; Syria ; Turkey ; Water ; Water management ; Water resources
There is a view that owing to the scarcity of the water resources and rapid increase in population in the Middle East and existing of large rivers, the contradictions over the water resources have become increasingly sharp among the countries
concerned, and a war for water will soon break out in the region. The AA. put forward a different view, believing that no war for controlling the water resources will take place in the region.
Environmental security and shared water resources in post-Soviet Central Asia
Administrative structure ; Conflict ; Environment ; Former USSR ; Irrigation ; Natural resources ; Resource management ; Security ; Soviet Central Asia ; Water ; Water quality ; Water resources
The paper examines the distribution of water and the location of physical and political boundaries in Central Asia, identifies indicators of the susceptibility of its various regions to resource and water-related conflict, and then applies those
indicators to discover the potential for future water-based resource conflict. Water quality and regional social unrest as a consequence of migration from regions of environmental deterioration are examined.
Mineral waters and hydrogeothermal resources in Bulgaria
Water resources of Bulgaria
Aquifer ; Bulgaria ; Geological structure ; Geothermics ; Mineral water ; Natural resources ; Neotectonics ; Water ; Water resources
This paper presents generalized information and evaluation of the geological structure and neotectonic features of Bulgaria and their control on the formation, reproduction and accumulation of thermal mineral waters; the spatial, qualitative
and quantitative features of the principal groups of thermal mineral waters and their aquifer systems; and the prospects for utilization of the hydrogeothermal wealth in the social and economic life of this country.
[b1] Dept. of Mineral and Thermal Waters, National Center for Balneology and Physiotherapy, Bulgarie
Rough water, smooth water : a comprehensive classification of water-flow characteristics
Classification ; Montana ; Runoff ; Taxonomy ; United States of America ; Water
Article contains the author's original classification of water-flow characteristics. Classification is made up of 7 categories that may be combined into two broad groups. The A. provides a verbal description (no precise measurements
or instrumentation are needed) of the water in each category and a photograph from Montana to illustrate each. He ends by broefly discussing the uses of the classification scheme. - (SLD)
The supply of water by the soil to meet the transpirational demand of crops, has been modelled on the assumption that water supply is directly related to soil water potential. Results of field testing and discussion.
Water quality and its regional differentiation in China
With the uneven distribution of water resources in rivers, the relationship between water pollution and economic development and the regional difference and trend of water pollution are analysed.
Assessment of water resources availability and demand in the Mara River Basin
Africa ; Decision aid ; Irrigation ; Kenya ; Model ; Tanzania ; Water ; Water management ; Water needs ; Water resources ; Watershed
A simple model was developed, customized and applied for the Mara River Basin (MRB) to assess water resource availability and demand. Assessment of water resources in blocks of water use using indicators of the growing water demand among competing
sectors threatening the sustainability of communities and ecosystems in the basin. The spatial and temporal distribution of water resources and the corresponding demand were quantified. Twelve distinct sub-basins were defined in the basin and their water
availability was assessed based on long term rainfall-runoff simulation using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Water demands from 6 consumptive sectors were divided into 3 classes and compared with a corresponding 3 classes of monthly water
availability. Results have shown significant variability of water availability and demand in the MRB. Further study on possible quantitative indicators to redistribute water among stakeholders may assist in improving water management.
[b2] UNESCO-IHE Inst. for Water Education and Delft Univ. of Technology, Delft, Pays-Bas
Water management in South Asia in the 21st century
Asia ; China ; Climatic variation ; Global change ; India ; Irrigation ; Model ; Pakistan ; Population growth ; Simulation ; South Korea ; Southern Asia ; Water ; Water deficit ; Water resources
Results of the impact of climate change on water resources in 4 countries in South Asia. Under present socio-economic and climatic conditions, China, India, Pakistan and South Korea are facing water deficits. The characteristic feature of water
management in South Asia is the dominating role of agriculture in water use. The key question addressed in the paper is the impact of climate change on water resources, and the adaptive measures that may be used to cope with water deficits. In all
the analyzed countries, the mean reason for worsening water conditions is the expected population growth, the effect of climate change is marginal.
Abandoned water resources as potential sources of drinking water – the Korentan karst spring near Postojna
Drinking water ; Inner Carniola ; Karst ; Site preservation ; Slovenia ; Thematic map ; Underground water ; Water ; Water pollution ; Water resources
and illegal waste dumps were also mapped. Thematic maps are excellent tool for planning water protection and land use at national and local level. The study is an example of good practice of the revival of abandoned water sources that may in the future serve
Ecological systems of water management in rural areas
Agriculture ; Drainage network ; Field experiment ; Poland ; River basin ; Rural area ; Water management ; Water resources
Poland has poor water resources. Moreover, they are unevenly distributed in space and time. Some types of human activity diminished water resources and increased the frequency of extreme phenomena such as floods and draughts. Suitable water
management in rural areas can help enlarge water resources and minimize the negative effect of agriculture on natural flora and fauna. Field studies and approximate calculations showed that treatments, consisting in the increase of swampy areas, number
of water pools and small water reservoirs, elevating water level in eroded rivers and canals, improvement of the soil structure, regulation of outflows from the drainage systems, etc. can significantly enlarge water resources in river basins. - (BJ)
The geography of land use and water quality in Puerto Rico
Environmental conservation ; Land use ; Puerto Rico ; Water ; Water pollution ; Water quality ; Watershed
Field sampling in the Basins of the Yaguez, Cibuco and Guayanés Rivers revealed that their waters are heavily contaminated with coliform bacteria, nitrogenous compounds, heavy metals and semi-volatile organic compounds. The AA. believe this degree
5 chapters : the earth as a water planet| the sea (dimensions, structure, natural resources, utilization, protection)| inland waters (rivers, lakes, underground water, glaciers)| utilization and protection of water| systematic explanations