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The Political Geography of Environmental Regulation: Implementing the Water Framework Directive in the Douro River Basin, Portugal

The Political Geography of Environmental Regulation: Implementing the Water Framework Directive in the Douro River Basin, Portugal
Douro ; Environmental conservation ; Legislation ; Portugal ; River basin ; Role of the State ; Stream ; Water ; Water Framework Directive ; Water pollution ; Water use ; environmental studies ; political geography ; water resources
The article discusses the challenges and prospects of implementing the Water Framework Directive (WFD), one of the most comprehensive pieces of environmental legislationpassed by the European Union (EU). The translation of the WFD into policy-making
is analysed through a case study – which combined interviews, participant observation and the attendance of public events – in the Portuguese section of the Douro River Basin. The evolution of water regulation is initially considered according to a suggested
classification into five phases of water management. The examination then addresses the main aspects of the WFD experience in the Douro, exploring elements of innovation and continuity. Higher concern for environmental conservation and the detailed assessment
of water management problems are significant improvements that followed the introduction of the WFD. However, the same institutional reforms have also served to consolidate techno-bureaucratic approaches centred on the economic values of water. As a result
, the rationality and failures of the new water regulation prompted unexpected opposition from various stakeholder groups, such as farmers, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and urban water customers. The success of the WFD is directly dependent on the ability
to perceive the politicised complexity of water management and on effective mechanisms of dialogue and social inclusion.
2012

Water quality standards or carbon reduction : is there a balance ?

Water quality standards or carbon reduction : is there a balance ?
Carbon economy ; Environmental conservation ; Firm ; Optimization ; Regulation ; United Kingdom ; Water ; Water industry ; Water quality
The paper explores the tensions and complexities experienced by water companies in England and Wales as they attempt to meet the contradictory legislative requirements. A simple model is used to explore the effect of increasing effluent quality
on power consumption and hence carbon emissions. In addition to complexities within the EU Water Framework Directive and UK Climate Change Act, water companies are restricted by the regulatory framework of the UK water industry and additional policies
2012

Water demand forecasting of Beijing using the Time Series Forecasting Method

Water demand forecasting of Beijing using the Time Series Forecasting Method
Beijing ; China ; Forecast ; Precipitation ; Time series ; Water ; Water management ; Water needs ; Water resources
During the past 30 years (1980–2009), mean annual precipitation and total water resource of Beijing have decreased by 6.89% and 31.37% compared with those perennial values, respectively, while total water consumption during the same period reached
pinnacle historically. Prediction and discussion are achieved for evolution of total water consumption, water consumed structure, and supply-demand situation of water resource in the near future of Beijing using Time Series Forecasting Method. The purpose
of the endeavor of this paper is to provide scientific basis for the harmonious development between socio-economy and water resources, for the establishment of rational strategic planning of water resources, and for the social sustainable development of Beijing
2012
[b1] College of Water Sciences, Normal Univ., Beijing, Chine

Recharge sources and chemical composition types of groundwater and lake in the Badain Jaran Desert, northwestern China

Arid area ; China ; Cluster analysis ; Desert ; Hydrochemistry ; Infiltration ; Lake ; North-Western China ; Precipitation ; Spatial variation ; Underground water ; Water
Based on the analysis of ion chemical composition of lake water and shallow groundwater in the Badain Jaran Desert, this paper discussed the characteristics of ion chemical composition, spatial variation of lake water, and possible supply sources
of lake water and groundwater in the desert areas. The results show that the pH, salinity, TDS and electrical conductivity of the lake water are greater than those of groundwater. The ion chemical composition of the lake water reveals that the flow
direction of lake water is from southeast to northwest in the Badain Jaran Desert. The ion chemical composition, moisture content of sand layer water level height and hierarchical cluster analysis of the lake water and groundwater demonstrate that the lake
water is mainly supplied by local rainfall and infiltration of precipitation in Yabulai Mountains and Heishantou Mountain.
2012

Claiming space, claiming water : contested legal geographies of water in South Texas

Claiming space, claiming water : contested legal geographies of water in South Texas
Community ; Decayed neighbourhood ; Drinking water ; Governance ; Legislation ; Social geography ; Suburbs ; Territoriality ; Texas ; United States of America ; Water ; Water use
2012

Spatial and temporal variability of water discharge in the Yellow River Basin over the past 60 years

Spatial and temporal variability of water discharge in the Yellow River Basin over the past 60 years
Water discharge data of the Yellow River over the past 60 years was analyzed using the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and Mann-Kendall (MK) test methods to identify spatial and temporal variation patterns. Potential connections between water
discharge in the Yellow River Basin and El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) were also examined by the cross wavelet and wavelet coherence methods. The changes in water discharge were found to be influenced by both climate changes and human activities. Before
1970 the change in water discharge was positively related to precipitation variations in the river basin, but after 1970 the decrease in water discharge has been largely caused by various human activities including constructions of reservoirs, water
abstraction and water-soil conservation with water abstraction being the main cause.
2012

Water temperatures of the Danube and Tisza Rivers in Hungary

Water temperatures of the Danube and Tisza Rivers in Hungary
Climatic change ; Correlation ; Danube ; Fluvial hydrology ; Hungary ; Stream ; Time series ; Water temperature ; Watershed
Based on a 60-year long hydrological observation series from the Hungarian Hydrological Service (between 1951 and 2010), the monthly mean water temperatures of both largest rivers in the Carpathian Basin, the Danube and the Tisza were studied
in the paper. The monthly extremes in water temperatures were explained by the different climatic conditions in the drainage basins of the rivers : the Danube basin upstream its entrance to Hungarian territory with a marked Atlantic and the Tisza basin
with a strong continental character. Changes were followed along the Hungarian stream sections. Trends in water temperature change were established and interpretations were sought with consideration to the climate change trends predicted by climatologists
2012

Latest research on karst waters in Slovenia and their significance

Latest research on karst waters in Slovenia and their significance
Aquifer ; Geodiversity ; Geographical information system ; Hydrogeology ; Karst ; Site preservation ; Slovenia ; Time series ; Tracer ; Underground water
In this paper an overview on recent research on karst waters in Slovenia is presented. In recent years a great emphasis was given to the investigation of water flow and transport in karst aquifers and questions regarding the protection of karst
water. In paper, the results of a series of studies, such as tracer tests, GIS methods, hydrological time series analysis are discussed, as well as their contribution to the scientific knowledge. - (IKR)
2012

Temporal and spatial changes of agricultural water requirements in the Lancang River Basin

Temporal and spatial changes of agricultural water requirements in the Lancang River Basin
Agroclimatology ; Aridity ; China ; Climatic change ; Climatic index ; Climatic variability ; Cultivated land ; Irrigation ; Moisture ; Precipitation ; Space time ; Temperature ; Water needs ; Watershed ; Yunnan
Based on the data of 8 meteorological stations from the 1950s to 2007, current cropping patterns, field water moisture management, the AA. use the Mann-Kendall and the Rescaled Range Analysis methods to research the changes of humidity and crop
irrigation water requirements in the Lancang River Basin. The results show that the annual and dry season average temperatures significantly increased, and the dry season rainfall increased while wet season rainfall decreased. The turning points of weather
factors, evapotranspiration (ET0), the aridity-humidity index, paddy irrigation requirements and total agricultural water requirements occurred from the 1960s to the 1990s. The spatial changing tendency of paddy irrigation quota increased with the increase
2012
[b1] State Key Lab. of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Univ., Wuhan, Chine
[b2] Yunnan Inst. for Investigation, Design and Research of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, Kunming, Chine
[b4] Dep. of Irrigation, Drainage and Rural Water Supply, MWR, Beijing, Chine

Spatial and temporal variations in surface water quality of the dam reservoirs in the Tigris River basin, Turkey

Spatial and temporal variations in surface water quality of the dam reservoirs in the Tigris River basin, Turkey
Anatolia ; Cluster analysis ; Dammed lake ; Discriminant analysis ; Hydrochemistry ; Monitoring ; Multivariate analysis ; Principal components analysis ; Space time ; Turkey ; Water ; Water pollution ; Water quality ; Water resources ; Watershed
Multivariate statistical techniques, such as cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), factor analysis (FA) and discriminant analysis (DA), were applied to evaluate the temporal/spatial variations of water quality data sets
for Kralkızı, Dicle and Batman dam reservoirs in the Tigris River basin, obtained during 1 year (2008–2009) of monitoring. This study highlights the usefulness of multivariate statistical techniques for the evaluation and interpretation of complex water quality
data sets, apportionment of pollution sources/factors and the design of a monitoring network for the effective management of water resources. Discriminant analysis showed better results for data reduction and pattern recognition during both spatial
2012

Differentiation of temporal water level dynamics in the Besko and Klimkówka Reservoirs (the low Beskids, Poland)

Differentiation of temporal water level dynamics in the Besko and Klimkówka Reservoirs (the low Beskids, Poland)
This article compares the observed water level changes during a hydrological year, in the 2 Carpathian reservoirs : the Besko and the Klimkówka. The analyzed reservoirs are located within the same physico-geographical unit – the Low Beskids
, but the reservoirs operate on rivers with different hydrological regimes (the Wisłok River and the Ropa River). The performed analysis shows that during the year, the analyzed reservoirs are characterized by different water level dynamics. The water level changes
of the reservoirs are determined by the management of the reservoirs, and more importantly, by the inflow volume as well as the supply distribution throughout the year. The analysis uses archive material provided by the Regional Water Management Board in Kraków
, Poland. The material pertains to the change of water levels in the Besko and Klimkówka Reservoirs between 1996 and 2011.
2012
[b2] The Regional Water Management Board, Kraków, Pologne

Popular protests and the governance of scarce fresh water in Jordan

Popular protests and the governance of scarce fresh water in Jordan
Corruption ; Fresh water ; Household consumption ; Jordan ; Water ; Water economics ; Water management ; Water shortage ; Water supply
2012

Formation of silica glaze rock coatings through water vapor interactions

Formation of silica glaze rock coatings through water vapor interactions
Arid area ; Basalt ; Desert ; Geochemistry ; Hawaii ; Mars planet ; Moisture ; Rock coatings ; Rock varnish ; Silica ; Subtropical zone ; Volcano ; Water vapor ; Weathering
A two decade-long laboratory experiment tested importance of high water vapor content in silica glaze formation. Twenty years of exposing basalt rock chips to 80% and 90% levels of relative humidity revealed that water vapor alone can generate
2012

Water war in the Mekong Basin ?

Water war in the Mekong Basin ?
Asia ; Conflict ; Impact ; International relations ; Mekong ; Project ; Security ; Water ; Water energy ; Water management ; Watershed
2012

Correlating vegetation, water use, and surface temperature in a semiarid city : a multiscale analysis of the impacts of irrigation by single-family residences

Correlating vegetation, water use, and surface temperature in a semiarid city : a multiscale analysis of the impacts of irrigation by single-family residences
The geographical analysis of water problems
Arid area ; Arizona ; Heat island ; LANDSAT ; Remote sensing ; Semi-arid area ; Society-environment relationship ; Space time ; Spatial analysis ; Temperature ; Town ; United States of America ; Vegetation ; Vegetation index ; Water use
Focusing on water-scarce Tucson, the AA. examined whether outdoor water use by residents of single-family homes contributes to urban “greenness” and the mitigation of urban heat island (UHI) effects. Their data sets include Landsat-derived
normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and surface temperatures, parcel-level zoning and assessor data, and residential water use records. Spatial analysis results demonstrate that cooling from vegetative evapotranspiration is mediated by development
factors as well as by topography and wind patterns. Findings also suggest that outdoor water use aside from irrigation, particularly the use of swimming pools, promotes cooling without elevating the NDVI. Temporal analysis reveal that most residential
areas maintained or increased greenness despite declining 1995-2008 water use. It is suggested that the preservation of natural drainage channels and limitation of impervious surfaces, as well as the siting of development in naturally cooled
microclimates, may be sustainable strategies for UHI mitigation in water-scarce regions.
2012

Retenční potenciál a hydrologická bilance horského vrchovištĕ: případová studie Rokytecké slatĕ, povodí Horní Otavy, jz. Česko

Bohemia ; Czech Republic ; Humid environment ; Mountain ; Peat bog ; Phreatic ground water ; Soil properties ; Soil science ; Underground water ; Water balance ; Water retention ; Watershed
The paper summarizes findings about preservation and hydrological conditions of Rokytka Moors situated in the Vydra River headwaters, sw. Czechia. Main focus is directed at findings of runoff dynamics dependence on the ground water table in peatland
. The research is based on detailed pedological analysis of the Rokytka Brook catchment, on analysis of a peat bog ground water table time series and on data obtained by monitoring the water stage, discharge respectively, in the profile of the draining stream
2012

The hydrology in huge burial mounds built of loamy tills : a case study on the genesis of perched water tables and a well in a Viking Age burial mound in Jelling, Denmark

The hydrology in huge burial mounds built of loamy tills : a case study on the genesis of perched water tables and a well in a Viking Age burial mound in Jelling, Denmark
The aim of this paper is to explain the formation of the perched water table in the mounds and the formation of a well on top of the North Mound. In order to do so, a series of borings into the two Viking Age royal mounds was carried out in 2009
offering insight into the soil composition and hydrology of the two mounds. Two of the boreholes were used for an in situ experiment to test the formation of the perched water tables and the well. The analyses of the borings and the in situ experiment
indicate that a perched water table has developed at the bottom of the bioturbation zone in both of the two mounds and that the well was formed in an unrepaired intrusion into the mound as the result of the perched water table feeding the well with water
2012

Changes in correlation coefficients with spatial scale and implications for water resources and vulnerability data

Changes in correlation coefficients with spatial scale and implications for water resources and vulnerability data
Asia ; Correlation ; Danube ; Europe ; Ganges River ; Local population ; Missouri ; Population ; Southern Asia ; Spatial scale ; Spatial variation ; United States of America ; Vulnerability ; Water ; Water management ; Water use
2012
[b1] Earth Institute’s Water Center at Columbia University, Columbia Water Center, Earth Institute, Columbia Univ., New York, Etats-Unis

Expanding local water supplies : assessing the impacts of stormwater infiltration on groundwater quality

Expanding local water supplies : assessing the impacts of stormwater infiltration on groundwater quality
California ; Heavy metals ; Infiltration ; Los Angeles ; Pollution ; Precipitation ; Surface water ; Underground water ; United States of America ; Water ; Water quality ; Water resources
2012

Feasibility analysis of widely accepted indicators as key ones in river health assessment

Aquatic ecosystem ; Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Environmental management ; Habitat ; Index ; Riparian vegetation ; Stream ; Water quality ; Water use
. According to the fields covered by the variables, they were divided into 4 groups : habitat condition, water environment, biotic status and water utilization. Under the correlation analysis amongst the key indicators in candidate, 8 indicators were finally
suggested as the key indicators for assessing river health, which were : coverage rate of riparian vegetation, reserved rate of wetland, river continuity, the changing rate of water flow, the ratio of reaching water quality standard, fish index of biotic
integrity, the ratio of water utilization and land use.
2012

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