This review considers the development of wall ecology, highlighting the key characteristics of walls that have been found to influence their ability to support species, with a focus on higher plants. It then examines the kinds of plant assemblages
that are found on walls and the broader role of walls within urban biodiversity, before discussing the potential for ecological engineering of walls. Some progress has recently been made in the latter area with the installation of living walls and the physical
engineering of wall materials, but much more needs to be done to effectively increase their physical complexity and habitat quality. Walls therefore represent a substantial potential (as well as existing) habitat within urban areas.
Urban biogeographical analysis of spontaneous tree growth on stone retaining walls
Biogeography ; Hong Kong ; Plant colonization ; Stone wall ; Tree ; Tropical zone ; Urban ecology ; Urban environment ; Vegetation
Stone retaining walls in urban Hong Kong provided vertical habitats for spontaneous colonization by a diversified humid-tropical flora with large trees. A citywide survey assessed wall and tree characteristics to understand wall-tree relationships
and identify conservation candidates. Nonparametric correlations were computed between 28 wall attributes versus tree count, tree biomass, and species-vegetation factors. Most of the 245 walls, with 1275 trees, were in residential areas. Wall height was a key
determinant. Stone width offered more horizontal microsites for seeds to lodge. The walls-cum-vegetation, many older than 100 years, presented a precious natural-cum-cultural heritage, deserving protection as an urban ecological asset.
The Antonine Wall was the north-west frontier of the Roman Empire in the mid 2nd century AD. It was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Site list in 2008. The nomination process required a detailed assessment of the location and mapping
of the monument, and the production of new maps of the Wall. This was accompanied by a new map of the Antonine Wall, designed for a general audience.
The use of maps to help diagnose the processes by which the Romans may have planned their roads and walls in northern Britain, with particular reference to the Antonine Wall in Scotland
Antonine wall ; Archaeology ; Cartography ; Public works ; Road ; Scotland ; Strategic planning ; United Kingdom
Street between the Vale of York and Newstead in Scotland, the processes of Roman road planning are interpreted and described. The possibility is then examined that these processes may have been applied to the planning of Hadrian’s Wall and the Antonine
Antonine Wall ; Cartographic display ; History of cartography ; Middle Ages ; Modern period ; Roman era ; Scotland ; United Kingdom
This paper considers evidence for mapping of the Antonine Wall from Roman times down to the mid eighteenth century, prior to the survey undertaken by General William Roy.
The Antonine Wall – The making of a World Heritage site
Antonine Wall ; Cartographic display ; Delimitation ; Frontier ; Scotland ; Site preservation ; United Kingdom ; World heritage
The nomination of the Antonine Wall as a World Heritage Site in 2007 required identification of the proposed boundaries of the Site and its buffer zone on maps. The maps prepared by RCAHMS built on a long history of mapping the frontier
Moraine and valley wall collapse due to rapid deglaciation in Mount Cook National Park, New Zealand
Since the 1880s, the ice mass on the Tasman Glacier on South Island has been shrinking. Beginning in the 1960s, lateral moraines and valley walls began to undergo slope failure of which the A. identifies four distinct types. Suggests a seasonal
The significance of the Great Wall as a geographic boundary
The arrangements of the wall in past dynasties are just consistent with the demarcation line between semi-humid and arid climates in the country. It becomes an indicator of this line between the two areas. From the viewpoint of political geography
Sijilmassa: the rise and fall of a walled oasis in medieval Morocco
are key to the development of the city. It emerges as a Saharan entrepôt founded in Islamic heresy and the oasis is walled to protect against bedouin incursions. Its demise is the result of discordant social forces contending for the region.
An experimental and computer simulation study of erosion on a mine tailings dam wall
focuses on how dam walls fail in an experimental setting and the ability to predict this failure. Results from this study will provide confidence in the application and use of models to predict landscape behaviour through time.
To better estimate the thermal state of permafrost in steep rock walls in Norway, 5 temperature loggers were installed in 2009 and 2010, measuring the near-surface rock wall temperatures in vertical rock faces. Surface temperatures in rock walls
in Norway are on average higher than the ambient air temperature, by about 1° C in shaded faces to more than 3° C in faces with other aspects. An aspect dependency of rock wall temperatures is mainly visible during summer, with deviations of up to 4° C
between north- and south-facing walls. Based on a 1 D transient heat flow model, the active-layer thickness at the study sites was estimated to be in the range of 3 m to 5 m at 2300 m asl and 1600 m asl, respectively. As a first-order approximation
, a spatial regression model based on elevation and potential incoming short-wave radiation was used to estimate the lower limit and distribution of rock wall permafrost under present-day conditions and for a scenario with average air temperatures increased
Socializing space and politicizing financial innovation/destruction : some observations on Occupy Wall Street
Article consacré à deux problèmes liés au mouvement Occupy Wall Street. Le choix de la Plazza Liberty est bien délibéré et non accidentel, car cette place représente un espace public aux mains du privé. L'idée défendue est que les revendications
A numerical model is developed for simulating the nocturnal cooling of the ground and walls in typical urban canyons. The model is capable of dealing with homogeneous as well as inhomogeneous (layered) soil and wall substrates. Experiments carried