This paper reviews scaling theory for hardware models for physical geographers, especially those interested in micro- and urban climates, and out-of-doors models. Criteria addressed dealt with physical domains (i.e., space, time, and temperature
fields), physical processes such as radiation, conduction and convection, and discrete enclosures such as buildings. A case study from the field of urban climatology is presented : the out-of-doors scale model constructed by the A. to study urban dew.
Central places ; Urban agglomeration ; Urban development ; Urban geography ; Urban history ; Urban structure ; Urban system ; Urbanism ; Urbanization
Introduction to urban geography. Chapters: Urban geography and interdisciplinary urban research. -Definitions and dimensions of urbanisation. -Urban agglomeration. -City types, urban systems and central places. -Theories and models of urban
structure. -urban subdivisions. -Intra-urban centers. -Cities in Central Europe before industrialisation. -Urban development in the industrial age. -Urban development in Germany, a west-east-comparison. Cities in selected cultural areas. - (HPB)
In the previous literature, the urban system is a result of corporate hierarchy. In reality, however, the urban system is also a determinant of allocation of branch offices. In this paper, the optimal allocation of branch offices is analyzed within
a given urban system. This system is Christaller's system, which is identifiable. - (KA)
Numerical investigation into the influence of geometry and construction materials on urban street climate
Applied climatology ; Energy balance ; Microclimate ; Model ; Numerical model ; Temperature ; Urban climate ; Urban construction
Bilan énergétique ; Climat urbain ; Climatologie appliquée ; Construction urbaine ; Microclimat ; Modèle ; Modèle numérique ; Température
A numerical model is developed for simulating the nocturnal cooling of the ground and walls in typical urban canyons. The model is capable of dealing with homogeneous as well as inhomogeneous (layered) soil and wall substrates. Experiments carried
out with the model show that the differencein the thermal properties of urban asphalt and concrete pavements and the rural surface dry soil substrate could create urban/rural surface temperature differences of up to 4-5K.
A model of urban growth with endogeneous suburban production centers
Industrial development ; Land ; Land rent ; Model ; Second order urban centre ; Suburbanization ; Transport cost ; Urban area ; Urban development ; Urban growth ; Urbanmodel
Centre urbain secondaire ; Coût de transport ; Croissance urbaine ; Développement industriel ; Développement urbain ; Espace urbain ; Foncier ; Modèle ; Modèle urbain ; Rente foncière ; Suburbanisation
Modèle théorique de la croissance d'une aire urbanisée dans l'espace. Des centres de production suburbains émergent de manière endogène. Ils sont une réponse des propriétaires indépendants aux forces du marché. Prévision de l'étalement urbain
Order and disorder - a model of Latin American urban land use
Land use ; Latin America ; Model ; Spatial structure ; Urban area ; Urban geography ; Urban structure
Amérique latine ; Espace urbain ; Géographie urbaine ; Modèle ; Structure spatiale ; Structure urbaine ; Utilisation du sol
Comparative analysis of idealized models of Latin American cities. Replacing them with one of his own, the A. incorporates the land-use disorder which he asserts is characteristic of Latin American cities. - (DWG)
The energetic response of urban canyons to variable urban geometry is investigated using the URBAN3 numerical model. Significant inter-urban canyon energy total differences are found which are closely linked to patterns of net solar radiation
. Implications of the study with respect to the magnitude of synoptic vs. geometric sources of urban energetic variation, and microscale and mesoscale urbanmodelling applications are discussed.
Deux aspects des systèmes modèles de hiérarchie urbaine: variations de la population urbaine et celle du taux d'urbanisation, en fonction du nombre de niveaux hiérarchiques. Analyse des variations pour quatre types de modèles. Les AA. donnent deux
The modelling of urban population density: a survey
(1947-1977) ; Bibliographie ; Concentration ; Densité de population ; Fonction gamma ; Généralités sur la géographie ; Mathématique ; Modèle ; Modèle d'équilibre ; Population urbaine
Synthèse de mise à jour sur les principaux modèles de densité de la population urbaine: fonctions gamma quadratiques et modèles d'équilibre d'Amson. Exposé des hypothèses fondamentales de ces modèles, analyse individuelle de chaque modèle, apports
Sasaki generalizes the urban-growth control model developed by Bruekner and Lai, and concludes that the optimal urban-growth control is less (more) stringent than the B-L model when an agglomeration effect (public-good-provision effect
) is considered. The paper proves that the optimal urban-growth control may or may not be more stringent than the B-L model when the agglomeration effect or (and) the public-good-provision effect is (are) considered. This result sharply differs from
that of Sasaki's model. The intuition behind it is that the increase in commuting costs for landowners due to renter-immigration is overlooked in Sasaki's model.
In the approach presented in this paper, the geometric reconstruction of urban areas is based on height data from airborne laser scanning and 2D GIS, which provides the ground plan geometry of buildings. Both data sources are used to estimate
the type and parameter of basic primitives which in turn are combined to obtain complex building structures. The final output consists of 3D CAD models for the buildings. Using the reconstructed geometry, terrestrial images are mapped on to building façades
L'analyse de la diffusion par le paysage académique des modèles de structure interne des villes tels que publiés dans La nature des villes, se fonde sur les enregistrements de 128 citations de l'article de base dans les périodiques et sur 309
reproductions des modèles dans des ouvrages. On a atteint la moitié des citations de l'article en 1974, soit 29 années après la publication, pour les périodiques. Ce même résultat est obtenu 8 ans plus tard pour les ouvrages.