Numerical investigation into the influence of geometry and construction materials on urban street climate
Applied climatology ; Energy balance ; Microclimate ; Model ; Numerical model ; Temperature ; Urbanclimate ; Urban construction
Bilan énergétique ; Climat urbain ; Climatologie appliquée ; Construction urbaine ; Microclimat ; Modèle ; Modèle numérique ; Température
A numerical model is developed for simulating the nocturnal cooling of the ground and walls in typical urban canyons. The model is capable of dealing with homogeneous as well as inhomogeneous (layered) soil and wall substrates. Experiments carried
out with the model show that the differencein the thermal properties of urban asphalt and concrete pavements and the rural surface dry soil substrate could create urban/rural surface temperature differences of up to 4-5K.
Climat local ; Climat régional ; Croissance urbaine ; Equipement urbain ; Météorologie ; Portugal ; Réseau d'observation ; Zone industrielle
Over the last decades there has been an increasing growth in urban areas, associated with the growth and development of the surrounding and industrial areas. This urban growth has a direct impact on local and regional climate conditions, causing
them to become substantially different from those in suburban and rural areas. Climate research and investigation in urban areas, as well as validation of climate models, will only be possible with resort to the results of local meteorological
observation, and its essential to have records/meteorological stations available in the major urban centres for that purpose. - (BJ)
Quatre parties traitent successivement de l'adaptation de l'architecture au climat, de l'influence de l'urbanisation sur le climat, de la pollution atmosphérique et des problèmes urbains liés au climat (le froid, l'eau, la maladie). Très nombreux
The paper states the great relevance of the urbanclimate. This kind of knowledge and applied researches can contribute to planning of new urban settlement and, generally, improve the city environment and the human quality life. The paper describes
the main urbanclimate peculiarities, the methodological approaches and the policy measures of intervention. - (NF)
An analytical framework for estimating the urban effect on climate
Climate ; Energy balance ; Impact ; Land use ; Pennsylvania ; Philadelphia ; Regional climate ; Town ; United States of America ; Urbanclimate ; Urban effect ; Urban morphology
Années 1987-1996 ; Bilan énergétique ; Climat ; Climat régional ; Climat urbain ; Effet urbain ; Etats-Unis ; Impact ; Morphologie urbaine ; Pennsylvania ; Philadelphia ; Utilisation du sol ; Ville
grandissante sur le climat régional à mesure que s'étend l'emprise de la ville sur l'utilisation du sol. - (JPB)
of urbanclimate and the related pattern of the built-up areas were carried out. - (Zoltán Kovács).
This paper attempts to demonstrate the urban ecological conditions of Debrecen (E-Hungary) through the analysis of the pattern of built-up areas in this major city of the Great Hungarian Plain. In order to reveal these conditions a joint study
Concept ; Drought ; Perception ; United States of America ; Urbanclimate ; Vulnerability ; Water management ; Water needs
Besoin en eau ; Climat urbain ; Concept ; Etats-Unis ; Gestion de l'eau ; Perception ; Sécheresse ; Vulnérabilité
This paper describes key aspects derived from extensive investigations of several urban droughts that serve as the basis for establishing definitions of urban droughts and their physical causes. Additional sections analyze management approaches used
of topoclimates were delimited. Elbląg is situated on the border of two great physicogeographical units and this is the reason for the strong differentiation of the local climate.―(D'après l'A.).
La ville artificialise peu à peu le climat, tel qu'il est vécu par les citadins. Les fortes chaleurs estivales y sont exacerbées. Mais la diminution du nombre de jours de brouillard atténue la pollution atmosphérique. - (JPB)
This paper reviews scaling theory for hardware models for physical geographers, especially those interested in micro- and urbanclimates, and out-of-doors models. Criteria addressed dealt with physical domains (i.e., space, time, and temperature
fields), physical processes such as radiation, conduction and convection, and discrete enclosures such as buildings. A case study from the field of urban climatology is presented : the out-of-doors scale model constructed by the A. to study urban dew.
; Town ; United Kingdom ; United States of America ; Urban change ; Urbanclimate ; Urbanization ; Washington State
Afrique du Sud ; Changement climatique ; Changement urbain ; Climat ; Climat urbain ; Durban ; Développement durable ; England ; Environnementalisme ; Etats-Unis ; Gestion des ressources ; Gouvernance ; Ilot de chaleur ; KwaZulu-Natal ; London
Climate ; Climatic change ; Czech Republic ; England ; Environmentalism ; Governance ; Heat island ; KwaZulu-Natal ; London ; Manchester ; Neo liberalism ; Oregon ; Resource management ; Seattle ; Settlement ; South Africa ; Sustainable development
Les AA. analysent l'urbanisation et le changement climatique au travers des articles suivants : 1-Cities and climate change : the precedents and why they matter ; 2-Neoliberal urban environmentalism and the adaptive city : towards a critical urban
theory and climate change ; 3-The uneven localisation of climate action in metropolitan Seattle ; 4-The socio-institutional dynamics of urbanclimate governance : a comparative analysis of innovation and change in Durban (KZN, South Africa) and Portland
(OR, USA) ; 5-The intermediary organisation of low carbon cities : a comparative analysis of transitions in Greater London and Greater Manchester ; 6-Grassroots localisation ? the scalar potential of and limits of the ‘transition’ approach to climate change
and resource constraint ; 7-Discursive framings of low carbon urban transitions : the contested geographies of ‘satellite settlements’ in the Czech Republic.
The energetic response of urban canyons to variable urban geometry is investigated using the URBAN3 numerical model. Significant inter-urban canyon energy total differences are found which are closely linked to patterns of net solar radiation
. Implications of the study with respect to the magnitude of synoptic vs. geometric sources of urban energetic variation, and microscale and mesoscale urban modelling applications are discussed.
Methodology ; Poland ; Research technique ; Urbanclimate
Climat urbain ; Méthodologie ; Pologne ; Technique de recherche
The history of urbanclimate investigations over the world is presented as well as example of these kinds of studies carried out in Poland. From the type of information sources point of view it was established the investigations based on : 1
of geography ; Tropical climate ; Tropical zone ; Urbanclimate ; Wind
Atmosphère ; Changement global ; Climat ; Climat de montagne ; Climat méditerranéen ; Climat tropical ; Climat urbain ; Climatologie ; Domaine aride ; Effet de serre ; Enseignement de la géographie ; Manuel ; Précipitation ; Rayonnement solaire
Arid area ; Atmosphere ; Climate ; Climatic variability ; Climatology ; Cold area ; Global change ; Greenhouse effect ; Handbook ; Interannual variability ; Mediterranean climate ; Mountain climate ; Precipitation ; Solar radiation ; Teaching
Cet ouvrage, dont l'objectif est d'étudier l'ensemble très large de la climatologie géographique, analyse les principaux mécanismes du système climatique, définit la répartition et les caractères des grands climats actuels et donne un aperçu des
principaux modes de variabilité des climats. Chaque thème est en lui-même un sujet de réflexion. De nombreux thèmes transversaux peuvent être abordés en synthétisant des connaissances éparpillées dans les différents chapitres. A cet effet, il est proposé, en
Some aspects of the urbanclimates of tropical South America : the Brazilian contribution in Urban climatology and its applications with special regard to tropical areas.
Brésil ; Climat ; Climat urbain ; Climatologie appliquée ; Géographie de l'Amérique ; Ville