Africa ; Agriculture ; Climate ; Climatic variability ; Commercial agriculture ; Eastern Africa ; El Niño ; Forecast ; Impact ; Ocean atmosphere interaction ; Precipitation ; Swaziland ; Tanzania ; Zambia
This paper will define the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) signal in terms of its relevance to commercial agriculture in southern and eastern Africa. First, the nature of the ENSO signal in Tanzania, Zambia, and Swaziland is documented
. The varying nature of the signal is highlighted and the relevance to users is assessed. Second, focusing on Swaziland, the potential use of and the constraints to the use of forecasts is considered in particular commercial operations.