The comparison of chinese and european stream runoff
Agriculture ; Annual variation ; China ; Europe ; Interannual variability ; Runoff ; Stream ; Stream flow ; Water balance ; Watershed
This paper compares stream runoff in China in terms of drainage basin, water balance, and regional distribution and regime of stream runoff with that in Europe. These comparative studies have been done in order to deepen the understanding
of regional differentiation and the cause of formation of stream runoff in both regions.
Determining the causes of pleistocene stream-aggradation in the central coastal areas of Western Australia
The general geomorphological characteristics of the drainage basins and the details of the sedimentology/paleohydraulics suggest that stream aggradation was due to sediment yields exceeding stream capacity. However, from a consideration
of the mechanics of stream aggradation it is demonstrated that stream aggradation was a response to both sediment supply and base level controls.
Stream bank erosion rates measured over a two-year period on a moorland and a forested stream were compared. Bank erosion rates are generally higher on the mainstream of the moorland catchment and highest in winter on both streams. Bank erosion
is correlated with the incidence of frost. Analysis of the vertical distribution of erosion on the banks of both streams suggests an undercutting mechanism which is more pronounced in the moorland stream. The influence of trees on bank erosion and possible
implications for the management of forest streams are discussed.
The focus of this paper is to examine the response of the Ntamogba Stream, a very small stream in the heart of Port Harcourt to the increasing urbanization of its watershed and to use findings thereof as guide for similar watershed management
. This study highlights that all natural flood receptacles have been destroyed by land speculators and because the catchment's characteristics determine sediment and nutrient inputs to the streams, it was observed that upland disturbance has affected
A comparison of hydrology and vegetation between a channelized stream and a non channelized stream in western Tennessee
Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Floodplain ; Forest ; Humid environment ; Hydraulic works ; Hydrological regime ; Hydrology ; Riparian vegetation ; Stream ; Tennessee ; United States of America
The aim of this study was to provide baseline data on floodplain forest structure, composition, and function that would be needed to predict and monitor the consequences of a proposed stream restoration project. This project would involve
the dechannelization of Stokes Creek, a stream in western Tennessee that was channelized and leveed in the first half of the 1900s.
None of the 11 techniques used for estimating Manning's roughness coefficient in a small mountain stream in Alaska proved suitable. More accurate methods are needed for estimating flow velocities in steep mountain streams with large-scale roughness
A conceptual model for meander initiation in bedload-dominated streams
Bank erosion ; Channel geometry ; Conceptual model ; Meander ; Model ; Sediment transport ; Stream
A simple analytic model is presented relating local sediment transport capacity to variance in the transverse shear stress distribution in a stream channel. The model is used to develop a physically based conceptual model for the initiation
of meandering in straight, bedload-dominated streams as a result of a feedback mechanism.
Stream morphologic impact of and recovery from major flooding in north-central Nevada
Bank erosion ; Climatic variability ; Cross section ; Flood ; Fluvial processes ; Hydraulic works ; Nevada ; River bed ; Stream ; United States of America
Major floods cause channel changes ranging from complete cross-sectional change to small fluctuations in pool area. The AA. used stream cross-section data on 30 heavily grazed rangeland streams in north-central Nevada to assess changes over
a climatically variable 14-year period. They tested (Rosgen, 1994) assertion that stream-type changes are predictable and more common on certain types of streams. On streams that did not change type, the AA. assessed the magnitude of habitat changes and whether
these changes are predictable based on stream type.
Applied hydrology ; Channel geometry ; Classification ; Concept ; Ecology ; Fish ; Habitat ; Stream ; Water resources
A classification system for natural rivers is presented in which a morphological arrangement of stream characteristics is organized into relatively homogeneous stream types. This paper describes morphologically similar stream reaches
that are divided into 7 major stream type categories that differ in entrenchment, gradient, width/depth ratio, and sinuosity in various landforms. Recent stream type data used to further define classification interrelationships were derived from 450 rivers
Flow structure at an asymmetrical stream confluence
Carrying capacity ; Confluent ; Fluvial hydrology ; Hydrodynamics ; Illinois ; Stream ; Stream flow ; United States of America ; Water temperature
This research demonstrates how time-averaged downstream and cross-stream velocity fields at an asymmetrical stream confluence vary with changes in the momentum flux ratio and the combined (total) discharge of the confluent tributaries. In particular
Lateral migration of stream channels in Geomorphological models. Theoretical and empirical aspects.
A framework for the simulation of lateral stream and divide migration of non alluvial valleys is presented. Stream channels and hillslopes are modelled as mutual boundary conditions, with the horizontal channel shifting determined by the asymmetry
of sediment delivery from opposite valley walls, and the ability of the stream to rapidly remove that debris. Conditions for the growth or decay of existing small tributaries are investigated along with implications for the development of stream junction
Analysis of bedload transport characteristics of Idaho streams and rivers
Carrying capacity ; Grain size distribution ; Idaho ; Model ; Mountain ; Sediment load ; Sediment transport ; Stream ; United States of America
Data collected for 33 sites on 31 mountain streams and rivers in Central Idaho have enabled the analysis of sediment transport characteristics in streams and rivers with different geological, topographic, morphological, hydrological, hydraulic
, and sedimentological characteristics. The particle size distributions of bedload and bed material, watershed and in-stream characteristics, sediment transport patterns and bedload transport rates are considered in this paper. The obtained results and conclusions
Vegetation and channel variation; a case study of four small streams in southeastern Australia
Australia ; Channel geometry ; Gravel ; New South Wales ; River bed ; Sand ; Stream ; Stream flow ; Vegetation
The purpose of this paper is to examine variations in vegetation along 4 small streams in the Illawara region of southeastern Australia, to develop appropriate vegetation categories or indices that reflect the influence of vegetation on channel
variations of these selected streams, and to compare these indices with those developed elsewhere in terms of broadly recognised hydraulic geometry relationships.
Using simulated emergent vegetation to alter stream flow direction within a straight experimental channel
Channel geometry ; Experimentation ; Meander ; Mississippi ; Riparian vegetation ; Stream ; Stream flow ; United States of America ; Vegetation
The aim of this study was to induce the location of the maximum surface velocity or thalweg of a straight, degraded stream channel to meander through the use of managed emergent vegetation. This study showed that flow velocity can be markedly
reduced within and near the vegetation zones, flow can be diverted toward the opposite bank, and vegetation density can control the magnitude of these effects. The following discussion will focus on design considerations for stream restoration
The dynamics of polar jet streams as depicted by the METEOSAT WV channel radiance field
(Juillet 1978) ; Circulation atmosphérique ; Circulation latitudinale ; Europe ; Europe du Nord ; Géographie physique ; Imagerie satellitaire ; Jet polaire ; Jet stream ; Jet subtropical ; Météosat ; Satellite géostationnaire ; Satellite
A polar jet stream flowing over northern Europe (14 july 1978) is investigated using both the radiosounding network and the Meteosat water vapor (WV) channel imagery. A maximum radiance band associated with the polar jet stream is shown
to accurately delineate the tropopause break. A major difference in the subtropical jet stream radiative signature is noted, however. (JPB).
Developing a new stream metric for comparing stream function using a bank–floodplain sediment budget : a case study of three Piedmont streams
Carrying capacity ; Comparative study ; Floodplain ; Piedmont ; Sediment budget ; Sediment load ; Stream ; Suspended load ; United States of America ; Virginia
A bank and floodplain sediment budget was created for 3 Piedmont streams tributary to the Chesapeake Bay. The watersheds of each stream varied in land use from urban (Difficult Run) to urbanizing (Little Conestoga Creek) to agricultural (Linganore
Creek). The aim of the study was to determine the relation between geomorphic parameters and sediment dynamics and to develop a floodplain trapping metric for comparing streams with variable characteristics. Net site sediment budgets were best explained
by gradient at Difficult Run, floodplain width at Little Conestoga Creek, and the relation of channel cross-sectional area to floodplain width at Linganore Creek. A correlation for all streams indicated that net site sediment budget was best explained
by relative floodplain width (ratio of channel width to floodplain width). A new geomorphic metric, the floodplain trapping factor, was used to compare sediment budgets between streams with differing suspended sediment yields. This trapping factor promises
to be a useful tool for future stream assessments.
Measures of physical heterogeneity in appraisal of geomorphic river condition for urban streams : Twin streams catchment, Auckland, New Zealand
Aquatic ecosystem ; Auckland ; Environmental degradation ; Habitat ; Impact ; New Zealand ; North Island ; Sediment transport ; Stream ; Urban environment ; Urbanization ; Watershed
Analysis was carried out at 27 sites in the Twin Streams catchment in West Auckland. The method successfully recorded the extent of degradation of physical structure following European settlement of the catchment. With the exception of one
subcatchment, streams were found to be largely intact in the headwaters. Geomorphic conditions is more degraded in downstream areas. Fine-grained sediment has smothered stream courses in the lower half of the catchment, covering bed material and creating
Opinions on three gas pipeline projects—Nord Stream, South Stream and Nabucco in five European countries: Germany, Italy, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria are analysed. In Germany there is a consensus that Nord Stream is good for Germany, Russia
and Europe; objections of other countries against it are not taken as a serious problem. There is a controversy concerning economic viability and political purposefulness of Nabucco. In Italy the government and business support South Stream and are sceptical
about Nabucco while some experts express concern of detrimental effects of South Stream on Nabucco and on solidarity in the EU. In the central European countries there is a conviction that Nord Stream and South Stream are elements of geopolitical game
of Russia and that it would be advantageous for them to participate in both South Stream and in Nabucco. – (BJ)