Chinese statistics : classification systems and data sources
Agriculture ; China ; Classification ; Data ; Data base ; Economy ; Industrial sector ; Industry ; Service ; Statistics
China researchers make frequent use of official Chinese statistics, but these statistics are often not well understood. A second part of the article provides an overview of the wealth of Chinese statistics now available. It points out
the limitations of some of these sources and provides references to a secondary literature that discusses the meaning and quality of particular Chinese statistics.
The AA. propose a statistical model for incorporating location error into spatial data analysis. They investigate the effect of location error on the spatial lag, the covariance function, and optimal spatial linear prediction.
A statistical method for the detection of geographic clustering
Methodology ; Probability ; Spatial analysis ; Spatial autocorrelation ; Statistics ; Test
local statistics. Local statistics for data on a regular grid of cells are first defined by using a Gaussian kernel. Results from integral geometry are used to find the probability that the maximum local statistic exceeds a given critical value.
An attempt has been made to review the available important statistical methods of regionalisation through by grouping disaggregated data into some homogeneous groups such that the inter group heterogeneity and within the group homogeneity
is maximised, unidimensional regionalisation with single variable and multidimensional regionalisation with multivariable data are examined. - (PLK)
Aggregation and ecological effects in geographically based data
Aggregation ; Demographic structure ; Model ; Spatial analysis ; Statistical bias ; Statistics ; United Kingdom
Statistical models are proposed that capture the essential features of the structure of a population composed of geographically defined groups and can encompass grouping processes and contextual effects. They are used to show how small effects
in the analysis of individual-level data can be magnified when the analysis based on aggregated data is carried out. The models provide an approach to the problem of adjusting an area-level analysis to correct for aggregation effects. The data come from the 1991
[b1] Office for National Statistics, London, Royaume-Uni
SMT : a spatial mapping tool for statisticaldata set
Using the GIS techniques, and supported by Auto CAD software, the A. develops a practical method to make statistical maps and a software (SMT) to make small-scale statistical maps using C language.
Multiscale statistical models for hierarchical spatial aggregation
Data analysis ; Model ; Scale ; Space time ; Spatial aggregation ; Spatial analysis ; Statistics
The AA. introduce a new, general framework for multiscale statistical modeling and inference that is explicitly designed for a broad class of geographic data. The key structural assumption underlying these models is that of a set of hierarchically
defined partitions, corresponding to successive aggregations of an initial data space. The effects of scale associated with such aggregation are captured through a fundamental decomposition of the data likelihood.
The rank adjacency statistic D provides a simple method to assess regional clustering. The usual normal approximation is found to give inaccurate results if the data are sparse and some regions have tied ranks. Ajusted formulae for the moments of D
that allow for the existence of ties are derived. It is a valid approximate method to evaluate spatial clustering, even in sparse data situations (for mortality).
Temporal statistics : an application in snowfall climatology
Analysis of snowfall data demonstrates the utility of temporal statistics for quantifying temporal and geographic variations in a climatic variable's seasonal distribution.
The estimation of variogram functions is illustrated by using precipitation and deposition data. The main characteristics of the variogram and kriging are discussed and interpreted. The statistical methodology outlined in this paper is fundamental
for monitoring air pollution and for the analysis of cause-effect-relationships in forest ecosystem research. Further research is needed for the simultaneous analysis of spatial and temporal pattern of environmental data.
Geographical information system ; Historical geography ; Honshu ; Internet ; Japan ; Regional analysis ; Spatial statistics ; Statistics
of this project, the available data, its scope and features, and some of the prospects and challenges as an online geospatial database facility of historical statistics of Japan since the Meiji period.
This paper introduces an internet GIS for historical regional statistics developed by the Laboratory of Spatial Information Science, Doctoral Program in Geoenvironmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba. The paper discusses the objectives
Autoregressive process ; Krigeage ; Model ; Spatial autocorrelation ; Spatial statistics ; Statistics
The paper seeks to continue the building of a common foundation for spatial statistics and geostatistics. Equations from the conditional autoregressive model of spatial statistics for estimating missing geo-referenced data have been found
The analysis of turbulence time series: statistical and correlation approaches using the MINITAB package
Correlation ; Geophysics ; Hydrodynamics ; Model ; Runoff ; Sediment transport ; Statistics ; Time series ; Turbulence
The theoretical basis and use of statistical and correlation approaches for the analysis of turbulence time series are described. In particular, the analysis of data from high frequency current meter measurements using MINITAB is presented
and the data files and analytical routines are included on the software disk.
Evaluating soil erosion models using measured plot data : accounting for variability in the data
The objective of this study was to construct a method for incorporating erosional variability into a system of model evaluation whereby model predictions are compared to measured erosion plot data. The result is a quantitative, statistically based