Plankton ecology and the paleoceanographic climatic record
Case studies of the sediment record in the Atlantic for two species of planktonic Foraminifera, left-coiling Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (Ehrenberg) and Globigerinoides ruber (d'Orbigny), illustrate seasonal bias in environmental data reported
by the relative abundances of species in deep-sea sediments. In addition, the study of G. ruber illustrates the operation of two oceanographic parameters in controlling a species distribution. These examples demonstrate that the environmental signal
in the sediments is the result of the interplay of the ecological tolerance of the plankton species with seasonally variable biological and physical properties of the upper ocean.
Biogeography ; Climatic zone ; Ecology ; North America ; Plant species ; Regression analysis ; Spatial distribution ; Taxonomy ; Topography ; Tree
The A. investigates the relative range elongation, with respect to maximum north-south distance and maximum east-west distance, of 269 North American tree species. These data provide evidence that species with smaller ranges tend to be elongated
north-south and species with larger ranges tend to be elongated east-west. This pattern is likely a result of species with small ranges being limited by local north-south-trending topography and species with large ranges being limited by major east-west
-oriented climatic zones, and is not merely an artifact of Rapoport's rule. Now, an explicit measure of range shape exists to compare to other biogeographical characteristics.
Biogeography of the Anthropocene : Novel species assemblages
Adaptation ; Anthropocene ; Biodiversity ; Biogeography ; Climatic change ; Extinction of species ; Forecast ; Human impact ; Man-environment relations ; Modelling ; Novel ecosystem ; Palaeo-ecology ; Population dynamics
methods to evaluate no-analog conditions in the past, or modeling to evaluate possible futures. Additional approaches are needed for assessment and prediction of how new groupings of species will function ecologically under future climatic and landscape
conditions, including methods for studying the effects of biotic homogenization, species extinctions, introduced species, and altered ecosystem processes.
The two species groups of ground cricket previously known as Pteronemobius taprobanensis and P. Fascipes are widely distributed from the tropical to temperate regions of East Asia. In the Japanese Islands they show parallel variations along
a latitudinal gradient in both developmental and morphometric traits. Since climatic adaptation seems to be the primary factor involved, this sort of divergence may be called climatic speciation.
The change of geographical distribution of two Asian species of rhinoceros in Holocene
Biogeography ; China ; Climatic variation ; Ecology ; Historical geography ; Holocene ; Spatial distribution ; Zoogeography
At present only 5 species of rhinoceros survive in the world, among which three in Asia. Based on recent evidences, this paper is going to deal with the species of rhinoceros once living in East Asia from the viewpoint of zoo-geography. At last
Carnivore size and Quaternary climatic change in southern Africa
In 14 of the 17 studied species, carnassial length does tend to increase with latitude south, while mean carnassial length in the same species tends to be greater in those fossil samples which accumulated under relatively cool conditions
Alps (The) ; Altitude ; Bavaria ; Biogeography ; Climate ; Climatic change ; Climatic warming ; Comparative study ; Germany ; Habitat ; Nineteenth Century ; Tree line ; Twenty-first century ; Vascular plant
the differences fit well with the expected shifts due to climate warming they cannot exclude effects of sampling bias. The differences in upper limits between both surveys were significantly larger among forest species. The most important reason is probably
The AA analyse the differences between recent (XXth –XXIth centuries and historical records (XIXth century)of upper species limits in the northern European Alps. During the recent survey, most species were found at higher elevations. Even though
discontinued pasture and mowing, which may have amplified possible warming effects. Nitrogen deposits may have contributed to this effect by placing competitive species in a more advantageous position.
[b4] Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research, Univ., Bern, Suisse
chronological resolution, more refined atmosphere-biosphere modelling, new biological and chemical techniques in reconstructing past species distributions and past climates, the development of large and readily accessible geo-referenced databases
Much of the recent progress in the application of palaeobiogeography to issues of climate change and its impacts can be attributed to developments along a number of still advancing methodological frontiers. These include increasingly finely resolved
of biogeographical and climatic information, and new approaches in fossil morphological analysis and new molecular DNA techniques.
Relative efficiency of three representative matorral species in reducing water erosion at the microscale in a semi-arid climate (Valencia, Spain)
Special issue. Geomorphic response of mediterranean and arid areas to climate change
This paper investigates the spatial and temporal variation of soil erosion rates at the microscale under three representative species of the Mediterranean matorral, which represent a range of morphologies and phenologies. The main objective
is to compare interrill and splash erosion rates under the three selected species and subsequently to relate their relative efficiencies in reducing erosion to their respective morphologies and to the relative improvement of the soil chemical and physical
The influence of site conditions on plant species richness, plant production and population dynamics: comparison of two desert types
Two field sites in the Judean Desert, in close proximity to each other, were compared with regard to plant species richness, production, and population dynamics. Although having very similar climatic conditions, the two types differed in edaphic
Biogeographic distributions of selected North American grassland plant species
Biogeography ; Grassland ; Model ; North America ; Plant species ; Precipitation ; Spatial distribution ; Temperature
occurrence data from georeferenced herbarium specimens and a species distribution model (MAXENT). They then assessed which of several climate, soil, and elevation variables contribute to determining its range. Functional groups differ primarily in range size
The AA. examined the spatial distributions of 30 abundant plant species of the grasslands of North America distributed among 4 functional groups : C4 grasses, C3 grasses, forbs, and woody species. For each species, they mapped its distribution using
Biodiversity ; Biogeography ; Concept ; Extinction of species ; Habitat ; History of sciences ; Model ; Plant colonization ; Population dynamics
competition and colonization abilities is not simple. The original application was to remnant habitat patches, but it could be applied to spatially heterogeneous habitats that are subject to climate change or invasive species.
The concept of the extinction debt has 2 components : a direct timelag between an environmental perturbation and the consequent extinction of a species and the idea that among species going extinct the strong competitors/weak colonizers go extinct
Mean July temperatures during the Younger Dryas in nothwestern and central Europe as inferred from climate indicator plant species
The aim of this paper is to attempt a quantitative reconstruction of summer temperatures for the Younger Dryas in Europe. The AA. estimated minimum mean July temperatures from distributions of climate indicator plant species, which were
Comparison of tree species sensitivity to high and low extreme hydroclimatic events
Climatic variation ; Colorado ; Dendroclimatology ; Dendrology ; Methodology ; Pine ; Precipitation ; Stream flow ; Temperature ; United States of America ; Watershed
The AA. present a six-species comparison of tree-ring growth response to extremes (below the 30th and above the 70th percentile) in temperature, precipitation, and corresponding streamflow. Sensitivity was determined using contingency scores
to be a useful tool for evaluating ring-width sensitivity to extreme climatic forcing.
In light of regional warming trends over the past 100 years and projections for even warmer conditions in the future, the AA. sought to characterize the current age structure and regeneration status of both sugar maple and boreal tree species within
this ecotone zone. Within Lake Superior Provincial Park, Ontario, they characterize the regeneration status of tree species at and near the northern limit of sugar maple, and identify temporal colonization patterns of dominant tree species to determine
if colonization is continuous or relates to specific episodes (triggered by climatic or disturbance events).
the phenological pattern of a species in its country of origin, the easier for it to adapt to new climatic conditions.
Three phenological categories of trees are distinguished : deciduous evergreen, and flexible. The latter trees tend to become deciduous under highly seasonal climates, and evergreen under slightly seasonal or aseasonal climates. The more flexible
Tools for assessing the impact of climate change on freshwater fish populations
Biogeography ; Climatic variation ; Ecosystem ; Fish ; Fresh water ; Model ; North America ; Temperature
of life cycle models to assess the impact of climate change on the zoogeographic distribution of species. Finally, they identify new research required to further develop these methods.
The AA. examine the use of bioenergetic models to predict the impact of climate change on the growth of individual fish and the use of thermal habitat models to assess the impact of climate change on population abundance. They examine also the use
Climatic change and desert vegetation distribution : assessing thirty years of change in Southern Nevada's Mojave desert
Air temperature ; Altitude ; Climate ; Climatic change ; Desert ; Entropy ; Habitat ; Nevada ; Plant species ; Precipitation ; United States of America ; Vegetation
The AA. examine and assess thirty years of climatic change and desert vegetation distribution in Southern Nevada's Mojave desert. To do so, they use Maximum Entropy model with environmental and climate variables to predict probability of species
’ occurrences. Climate during the ten-year period preceding the 2008 vegetation survey was warmer and per year of precipitation drier than the ten years preceding 1979. Species inhabiting the highest elevations and strongly correlated with precipitation
Central America ; Costa Rica ; Indicator ; Palaeo-ecology ; Palaeoclimate ; Palynology ; Panama ; Plant species ; Statistics ; Taxonomy ; Tropical zone
In this study, modern pollen assemblages from Panama and Costa Rica are ordinated and used to determine indicator species of certain climatic conditions. Response matrices are shown for 17 commonly observed pollen taxa. New relationships emerge
Climatic variation ; Human impact ; Israel ; Mediterranean area ; Palaeo-environment ; Palaeozoology ; Precipitation ; Quaternary ; Sedentarization
During the past 70,000 years, Israeli carnivore faunas have varied only slightly in richness (number of species), but widely in diversity (including the relative abundances of the different species). Human population growth, sedentism