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Inventory of perennial snow patches in Central Japan in Methods and mapping.

Inventory of perennial snow patches in Central Japan in Methods and mapping.

James Edward Church, Jr., and the development of snow surveying for runoff forecasting

James Edward Church, Jr., and the development of snow surveying for runoff forecasting
Climatology ; Forecast ; History of geography ; Measurement ; Nevada ; Runoff ; Snow ; United States of America
History of measuring snow in the Sierra Nevada of the western USA, the effort of a Nevada professor who became the world's leading cryologist (scientist of cold weather). - (DWG)

Depth of snow and forst on a palsa mire, Finnish Lapland

Depth of snow and forst on a palsa mire, Finnish Lapland
Analysis of snow and frost measurements made on a palsa mire in Utsjoki, northernmost Finland from September 1984 to October 1985. Rather good multiple and logarithmic regressions were found between snow and frost depths of March and April

Sensitivity of Alpins snow cover to European temperature

Sensitivity of Alpins snow cover to European temperature
Alps (The) ; Correlation ; Europe ; Snow ; Snow cover ; Temperature

The types of seasonal change of snow depth in Japan

The types of seasonal change of snow depth in Japan
Japan ; Snow ; Spatial variation

Niektóre aspekty niwacji w Tatrach Wysokich

Carpathian Mountains ; Geomorphology ; Mountain ; Nivation ; Poland ; Snow ; Snow cover ; Tatra Mountains
The aims as well as the area and methodes used in nivation studies in Tatra Mts. are presented. Deterioration of snow cover with 5 different phases distribution of snow patches have been charcterized. Characteristics of processes interacting
in surroundings of snow patches is given. Nivation role in modelling of High Tatra is rather slender, while catastrophic processes can significantly model the relief. - (DG)

Twentieth-century variability in snow cover conditions and approaches to detecting and monitoring changes: status and prospects

Twentieth-century variability in snow cover conditions and approaches to detecting and monitoring changes: status and prospects
Climatic variability ; Climatic warming ; Global change ; Greenhouse effect ; Meltwater ; Model ; NOAA ; Remote sensing ; Russia ; Satellite imagery ; Siberia ; Snow ; Snow cover
This review describes the status of the understanding of snow cover and current and potential monitoring techniques. The observed variability during the twentieth century is discussed, with particular emphasis on recently acquired data from

Snow-push processes in pronival (protalus) rampart formation : geomorphological evidence from Smørbotn, Romsdalsalpane, southern Norway

Snow-push processes in pronival (protalus) rampart formation : geomorphological evidence from Smørbotn, Romsdalsalpane, southern Norway
Moraine ; Norway ; Periglacial features ; Sedimentology ; Slope deposit ; Snow
This paper reports observations made late in the 1997 ablation season around snowbed margins in Smørbotn cirque, which demonstrate a snow-push origin for ridges. These observations include sedimentological and morphological evidence both in front
of and beneath the snowbed together with field estimation of snow (and firn) density.

The role of snow and ice in the global climate system : a review

The role of snow and ice in the global climate system : a review
Climate ; Cryosphere ; Frozen ground ; Ice ; Ice sheet ; Impact ; Multidimensional scaling ; Sea ice ; Snow ; Snow cover ; Snow line

Permafrost aggradation caused by tephra accumulation over snow-covered surfaces : examples from the Hekla-2000 eruption in Iceland

Permafrost aggradation caused by tephra accumulation over snow-covered surfaces : examples from the Hekla-2000 eruption in Iceland
The aim of this paper is an analysis of tephra accumulation on a pre-eruption winter snow cover and its influence on permafrost aggradation. Based on multi-annual field observations at the Hekla volcano, southern Iceland, a conceptual model
concerning the relationship between winter-fallen tephra and buried snow preservation is suggested. Furthermore, the relation of volcanic eruptions and potential preservation of buried snow in permafrost conditions on a global scale is discussed.

Illustration of the roles of snow in the evolution of the winter cover of a lake

Illustration of the roles of snow in the evolution of the winter cover of a lake
Spatial patterns in the snow and ice cover of Elizabeth Lake, Labrador, as surveyed in late February 1979, are displayed and analysed. Relationships between distinct trends in the ice and less distinct trends in the snow are discussed within
a context of processes operative during a winter. The nature of and spatial patterns in the winter cover of lakes and their evolution have important implications for those interested in generalizing about lake ice properties and about the effects of snow

Periodicita najdlhsich obdobi trvalej snehovej pokryvky na Slovensku. (Periodicity of the longest periods of parament snow cover in Slovakia)

Periodicita najdlhsich obdobi trvalej snehovej pokryvky na Slovensku. (Periodicity of the longest periods of parament snow cover in Slovakia)
In geographical conditions of the Slovak territory the winters are unstable. For the study of the period with permanent snow cover duration the measurements of 80 snow meter stations in the years 1921 to 1970 have been used. The differences in snow

The measurement of accumulation rate of snow in the Antarctic with micro-wave remote sensing method.

The measurement of accumulation rate of snow in the Antarctic with micro-wave remote sensing method.
The reason for evaluating the accumulation rate of snow using microwave brightness temperature is explained. The vertical increasing rate of snow grain size will have a significant influence on this temperature. The author demonstrates
that there is near linear relationship between vertical increasing rate of snow grain size K'and Tb/T using invariant embedding method to know asymptotic solutions. An empirically derived formula is used to evaluate the accumulation rate for the Antarctica. (TNC).

Protecting the snow leopard and enhancing farmers' livelihoods : a pilot insurance scheme in Baltistan

Protecting the snow leopard and enhancing farmers' livelihoods : a pilot insurance scheme in Baltistan
Discussion of a pilot insurance plan to save the snow leopard in Balistan, a district in the Pakistani-controlled sector of Jammu and Kashmir State, while protecting farmers from predatory losses to their livestock, tipically goats. Each farmer pays
a premium based on head of livestock. In addition, trekking expeditions focusing on the snow leopard contribute to the fund. The insurance fund is jointly managed by a village committee and Project Snow Leopard (PSL) staff. - (SLD)

Spatiotemporal index for analyzing controls on snow climatology : application in the Colorado Front Range

Spatiotemporal index for analyzing controls on snow climatology : application in the Colorado Front Range
Climatic change ; Climatology ; Colorado ; Index ; Mountain ; Regression analysis ; Snow ; Snow cover ; Space time ; United States of America ; Watershed
The AA. used remote sensing to derive a spatiotemporal index of snow climatology that reveals patterns in snow accumulation, persistence, and ablation. Then they examined how this index relates to climate, terrain, and vegetation. Analyses were
based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer eight-day snow cover from 2000 to 2010 for a mountain watershed in the Colorado Front Range, USA. The Snow Cover Index (SCI) was calculated as the fraction of years that were snow covered for each
by elevation, the AA. identified 3 distinct snow zones in the basin : persistent, transitional, and intermittent. The transitional snow zone represents an area that is sensitive to losing winter snowpack.

Response of tibetan snow cover to global warming

Response of tibetan snow cover to global warming
China ; Climatic warming ; Global change ; Model ; Snow ; Snow cover ; Statistics ; Surface temperature ; Temperature ; Tibet
Daily snow depth records at 60 primary climatic stations over the Tibetan Plateau for the period 1957-1992 are used as a basis for point and areal time series development. A statistical model consisting of a trend plus serially correlated noise
is fitted to the data to test for trend in time series of snow cover. The results suggest that higher precipitation may be a characteristic of warmer climates in polar regions. Thus, snow cover variation over the Tibetan plateau which is so-called Third Pole

Validation of algorithms to retrieve snow grain size and impurities using airborne multispectral scanner data of eastern Hokkaido

Validation of algorithms to retrieve snow grain size and impurities using airborne multispectral scanner data of eastern Hokkaido
Albedo ; Cloud ; Data processing ; Grain size distribution ; Hokkaido ; Japan ; LANDSAT ; Pool ; Remote sensing ; Sea ice ; Snow ; Spectral reflectance
Preliminary validation of algorithms to retrieve snow grain size and impurities was conducted by applying them to Airborne Multispectral Scanner (AMSS) data at the flat snowfield (February 1998) and on sea ice in Saroma Lagoon (February 2001
) in eastern Hokkaido, Japan. The algorithms using remote-sensing data to retrieve the snow grain size and the concentration of snow impurities were used for a theoretical Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) model of the snow surface

Ob opredelenii sil sceplenija i soprotivlenija szatiju sneznogo pokrova. (Sur la détermination des forces de cohésion et de résistance à la pression du manteau nival)

Causes are examined of formation of various shear-surface shapes of snow samples (even, convex) in determining the snow cover cohesion with the aid of a frame and a dynamometer. It is suggested the snow strength to determine with the aid
of a hardness tester but not by a frame. A method is described, and field data are given on measuring the resistance of loose snow to compression. A conclusion is drawn that the snow resistance of loose snow to compression. A conclusion is drawn that the snow

Subnivean Arctic and sub-Arctic net ecosystem exchange (NEE) : Towards representing snow season processes in models of NEE using cryospheric remote sensing

Subnivean Arctic and sub-Arctic net ecosystem exchange (NEE) : Towards representing snow season processes in models of NEE using cryospheric remote sensing
Arctic Region ; Carbon cycle ; Carbon dioxide ; Climatic change ; Cryosphere ; Ecosystem ; Meltwater ; Model ; Permafrost ; Photosynthesis ; Polar region ; Remote sensing ; Season ; Snow ; Subarctic area ; System dynamics
The AA. review snow season processes and their effects on net ecosystem exchange (NEE); assess the suitability of cryospheric remote sensing approaches for models of NEE; and suggest strategies for representing snow season processes in models of NEE
. Strategies include : using observations of fractional snow cover in spring and fall to restrict estimates of photosynthetic uptake; combining observations of snow accumulation and soil freeze/thaw with observations of air temperature to generate more
realistic estimates of soil temperature and soil respiration; and using observations of depth to estimate the influence of snow accumulation and tree wells on soil respiration. Including remote sensing observations of snow properties in models of NEE could
reduce uncertainty in snow season estimates of NEE, resulting in a better understanding of the northern carbon cycle and how it is responding to climate-driven changes in the interconnected biospheric, atmospheric and cryospheric systems.

The role of passive microwaves in characterizing snow cover in the Colorado River Basin

The role of passive microwaves in characterizing snow cover in the Colorado River Basin
Catchment area;Watershed ; Climatology ; Colorado ; Fluvial basin;Watershed ; Fluvial hydrology ; Ground survey ; Meltwater ; Meteorology ; Remote sensing ; Research technique ; Satellite ; Snow ; Snow cover ; Stream ; Thermal exchange ; United
The objectives of this study are to acquire and analyze satellite microwave data over the upper Colorado river basin and further to relate these data to snowpack characteristics, especially, snow water equivalent data. The specific task here
is to see whether similar microwave-snow water equivalent relationships could be derived for a heterogeneous mountain basin.

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