This paper reports observations made late in the 1997 ablation season around snowbed margins in Smørbotn cirque, which demonstrate a snow-push origin for ridges. These observations include sedimentological and morphological evidence both in front
of and beneath the snowbed together with field estimation of snow (and firn) density.
On the basis of empirical findings and inductive conclusions, the least extent of glaciation during the last ice age can be shown for 2 areas on the southern slopes of the Himalayas in Nepal. For the Rolwaling Himal, the snow line during the last
ice age is calculated at 4000 m asl., i.e., 1500 m below the recent snow line. The last high-glacial snow line in the Kangchenjunga Himal is thought to be at 4350 m asl., the snow line depression here is 1150 m.
Changes of snow cover thickness measured by conventional mass balance methods and by global positioning system surveying
Glacier ; Glacier mass balance ; Map ; Norway ; Numerical model ; Remote sensing ; Snow cover
GPS surveying facilitates the production of accurate glacier maps for mass balance programmes. Data obtained by snow depth probing and GPS surveying in 1995 at Austre Okstindbreen, Okstindan area, Norway, indicate that repeated GPS surveys
are likely to provide a large amount of information on within-year and between-year changes of surface topography and are not subject to the errors in mass balance calculations which arise from probing snow depths along selected profiles. Kinematic GPS
Measurements of bottom temperature of the winter snow cover (BTS) in relation to rock glacier activity, Corviglia, Swiss Alps : a preliminary report
Alps (The) ; Ground survey ; Mountain ; Periglacial features ; Permafrost ; Research technique ; Rock glacier ; Snow cover ; Soil temperature ; Switzerland
Bottom temperature of the winter snow cover (BTS) has been used as an indicator of the occurence of permafrost. In this paper, the validity of the manual BTS measurement is examined in comparison with the automated mean annual surface temperature
Atmospheric dynamics ; Avalanche ; Documentation ; El Niño ; Montana ; Mountain ; Natural hazards ; Ocean atmosphere interaction ; Press ; Snow ; United States of America
Snow avalanches are a cold-season natural hazard in the Glacier National Park (GNP), Montana. This study examined local newspaper reports of avalanches during the period from 1949 to 1997 and found a tendency for El Niño years to be associated
with a decrease in snow avalanches in the region. This decrease in frequency may be caused by the below-normal precipitation that occurs in the region during El Niño years. Additional factors, such as primary storm-track direction, and temperature cycling also
Climatic variation ; Glacier ; Glacier mass balance ; Meltwater ; Model ; Precipitation ; Snow ; Sweden ; Temperature ; World
The simplest model involves linear regression of mass balance time series on temperature and precipitation data at stations close to the glacier but the AA. prefer the degree-day model. This model uses temperature and precipitation to calculate snow
accumulation, snow and ice melting, and possible refreezing of meltwater at regular altitude intervals on a glacier. The model has been applied to 37 glaciers in the world but the results are given for Storglaciären, northern Sweden, as an example.
Air temperature ; Alaska ; Climatic warming ; Cold area ; Global change ; Impact ; Periglacial features ; Permafrost ; Snow ; Snow cover ; Surface temperature ; Temperature
Atmospheric dynamics ; Interannual variability ; Seasonal variation ; Snow ; Spatial variation ; Time series ; Twentieth Century ; United States of America
The aim of this paper is to develop a better understanding of the spatial and temporal aspects of central Great Plains snowstorms by : identifying trends in the frequency of snow events from the winter of 1940 to the winter of 1993; determining
Brown and Ward (1996) have brought attention to the importance of topography on snow accumulation. Surveying the mountainous region north of Myrdalsjökull in southern Iceland, they offer an alternative view with a bottom-up model of initial
onto snow surfaces was measured during seasonal thawing periods. Discussion is focused on the mechanism of rockfall generation and controls of the dimension of rockfall debris.
Central Europe ; Cirque ; Czech Republic ; Europe ; Glacial valley ; Glaciation ; Mountain ; Pleistocene ; Poland ; Quaternary ; Snow line ; Sudety ; Topography
: the altitude of the summit parts well above the snow line, large extent of the summit surfaces of low relief and high degree of compactness of these surfaces as defined by their length:width ratio. The occurrence of initial depressions (valley heads) seems
Arctic Region ; Cold area ; Concept ; Erosion ; Meltwater ; Periglacial features ; Permafrost ; Runoff ; Sediment transport ; Snow cover ; Spitsbergen ; Svalbard ; Sweden ; Watershed
Strong annual variability and seasonal snow covers determine hydrological processes and related sediment displacements in high latitude regions. The most significant period for runoff and fluvial sediment transport is the snowmelt period in early
Altitude ; Glacier ; Glacier fluctuation ; Glacier mass balance ; Precipitation ; Snow ; Temperature ; Topographic map ; United States of America ; Washington State
adjusted for seasonal variations in the snow cover. The mass balance of Blue Glacier was generally positive until the mid-1970s and negative since. The fluctuations of mass balance closely resemble those of snowfall on the glacier as estimated from
Cold area ; Finland ; Freezing ; Geotechnics ; Glacial features ; Periglacial features ; Permafrost ; Road ; Road infrastructure ; Snow
, fluvial erosion, and palsas. Solutions to these problems include removal of frost sensible materials and replacement by more favorable sediments. Road surfaces, kept snow-free in the wintertime, are subjected to deep freezing. Some examples of how road