Changes of snow cover thickness measured by conventional mass balance methods and by global positioning system surveying
Glacier ; Glacier mass balance ; Map ; Norway ; Numerical model ; Remote sensing ; Snow cover
GPS surveying facilitates the production of accurate glacier maps for mass balance programmes. Data obtained by snow depth probing and GPS surveying in 1995 at Austre Okstindbreen, Okstindan area, Norway, indicate that repeated GPS surveys
are likely to provide a large amount of information on within-year and between-year changes of surface topography and are not subject to the errors in mass balance calculations which arise from probing snow depths along selected profiles. Kinematic GPS
Climatic variation ; Glacier ; Glacier mass balance ; Meltwater ; Model ; Precipitation ; Snow ; Sweden ; Temperature ; World
The simplest model involves linear regression of mass balance time series on temperature and precipitation data at stations close to the glacier but the AA. prefer the degree-day model. This model uses temperature and precipitation to calculate snow
accumulation, snow and ice melting, and possible refreezing of meltwater at regular altitude intervals on a glacier. The model has been applied to 37 glaciers in the world but the results are given for Storglaciären, northern Sweden, as an example.
Altitude ; Glacier ; Glacier fluctuation ; Glacier mass balance ; Precipitation ; Snow ; Temperature ; Topographic map ; United States of America ; Washington State
adjusted for seasonal variations in the snow cover. The mass balance of Blue Glacier was generally positive until the mid-1970s and negative since. The fluctuations of mass balance closely resemble those of snowfall on the glacier as estimated from
On the glacier Kongsvegen in northwest Spitsbergen, Svalbard, traditional mass balance measurements by stake readings and snow surveying have been conducted annually since 1987. In addition, repeated global positioning system (GPS) profiling
model, systematic snow probing error and ablation gradient calculation on the mass balance of the glacier can be investigated. It is evident that the measure of total mass balance of Storglaciären is not sensitive to variations in these parameters