Several state of the art contributions presented at the International Rainfall Simulator Workshop 2011 at Trier University and the main outcomes of the workshop are presented in this issue. The 1st paper reports constraints, needs and challenges
for a future use of small scale simulators in soil erosion research. The 2nd paper presents an experiment with 7 different rainfall simulators from Germany, Spain, Switzerland and the Netherlands on a prepared field in Trier to determine the influence
of rainfall simulator type and plot dimensions on runoff and erosion. Additionally, 10 selected papers present an overview of research currently carried out with small scale simulators, including new topics like in situ simulations of wind-driven rain and rain
on snow events. The challenges of using small scale rainfall simulations concern the comparability of results and scales, the quality of data for soil erosion modelling, and further technical developments.
Africa ; Diurnal variation ; Model ; Pluviometry ; Precipitation ; Seasonal variability ; Simulation ; West Africa
CORDEX est un exercice coordonné de simulations numériques du climat mis en œuvre par plusieurs centres de recherche afin de produire des scénarios fiables de changements climatiques. Les simulations analysées ici concernent le temps présent. Les
cycles saisonnier et diurne de la pluie ainsi que les événements hydroclimatiques simulés sont analysés et comparés aux données d'observation. – (JPB).
Theoretical principles in interurban simulation models : a comparison
Accessibilité ; Dynamique urbaine ; Espace urbain ; France ; Interaction spatiale ; Réseau urbain ; Simulation ; Système de villes ; Système multi-agents ; Système urbain
Accessibility ; France ; Multi-agent system ; Simulation ; Spatial interaction ; Urban area ; Urban dynamics ; Urban network ; Urban system
This article analyses the theoretical principles in interurban simulation models. To this end, it compares models made of systems of differential equations multi-agent models designed to simulating the differentiated dynamics of urban entities over
the medium to long term from their functional economic specialization. It shows that the latter systems are providing interesting solutions for the modelling method, because of their greater ability to simulate the emergence of geographical macrostructures
Badland ; Bibliography ; Experimentation ; Mediterranean area ; Methodology ; Qualitative analysis ; Rainfall simulation ; Soil erosion ; Space time ; Water erosion
Rainfall simulation experiments are widely used in geomorphological research in badland areas. This technique contributed significantly to our understanding of badland geomorphology in the Mediterranean belt. This study confirmed that rainfall
simulations are well suited to 1) analyse runoff-infiltration processes and sediment detachment within badlands, and 2) to establish the factors determining the hydrological and erosion response at interrill scale in badland areas. Rainfall simulations
increase our understanding of the temporal and spatial variability of the soil erosion processes. However, rainfall simulation provides mostly qualitative rather than quantitative information. Moreover, this method allows the comparison amongst different
Simulating urban form and energy consumption in the Pearl River Delta under different development strategies
Chine ; Consommation d'énergie ; Croissance urbaine ; Energie ; Forme urbaine ; Guangdong ; Impact ; Secteur industriel ; Simulation ; Stratégie de développement ; Utilisation du sol
China ; Development strategy ; Energy ; Energy consumption ; Guangdong ; Impact ; Industrial sector ; Land use ; Simulation ; Urban growth
This study presents a model to simulate urban forms and to estimate the corresponding energy consumption in the cities of Guangzhou, Foshan, and Shenzhen, in the Pearl River Delta. The results indicate that land demand is more sensitive to changes
of economic structure than is energy consumption. The comparison of different simulated scenarios suggests that promoting low-energy-consuming industries is the most effective strategy to balance economic development and energy and land consumption.
2013
[b1] School of Geography and Planning and Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-Simulation , Sun Yat-sen Univ., Guangzhou, Chine
[b2] School of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo- Simulation , Sun Yat-sen Univ., Guangzhou, Chine
Asia ; Atmospheric circulation ; Australia ; Climatic change ; Forecast ; Greenhouse effect ; Methodology ; Model ; Simulation ; Temperature
This paper assesses the performance of multi-model ensembles in simulating global land temperature from 1960 to 1999, using Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency and Taylor diagrams. The future trends of temperature for different scales and emission
scenarios are projected based on the posterior model probabilities estimated by Bayesian methods. The results show that ensemble prediction can improve the accuracy of simulations of the spatiotemporal distribution of global temperature. The performance
of Bayesian model averaging (BMA) at simulating the annual temperature dynamic is significantly better than single climate models and their simple model averaging (SMA). However, BMA simulation can demonstrate the temperature trend on the decadal scale
By investigating the underlying effects of Québec's nationalism, this article illustrates how the institutional realignment following the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s positioned simulation science at the center of a negotiation process allowing
Climate ; Climatic change ; Climatic trend ; Numerical model ; Precipitation ; Saudi Arabia ; Simulation ; Temperature ; Twentieth Century ; Twenty-first century
Simulation numérique du climat actuel (1971-2000) et projection pour la période 2021-2070. On s'attend à une hausse moyenne des températures d'environ 0,65°C par décennie, sans grande différenciation spatio-temporelle. Les côtes de la Mer Rouge et
Present climate and climate change over North America as simulated by the fifth-generation Canadian regional climate model
Amérique du Nord ; Changement climatique ; Différenciation saisonnière ; Différenciation spatiale ; Modèle ; Modèle de climat régional ; Précipitation ; Simulation ; Siècle 21 ; Température
Climatic change ; Model ; North America ; Precipitation ; Simulation ; Spatial differentiation ; Temperature ; Twenty-first century
Le modèle climatique régional canadien de 5ème génération, qui a donné une simulation très réaliste de la période 1850-2005, laisse entrevoir pour les années 2006-2100 un réchauffement d'ensemble (surtout marqué en hiver aux latitudes élevées) et de
Tsunami inundation scenarios for the Gulf of Kyparissia (western Peloponnese, Greece) derived from numerical simulations and geoscientific field evidence
Reconstructing and modeling of paleotsunami events. Multi-proxy approaches, geophysical studies, numerical simulations
Six tsunami scenarios were simulated in a numerical model, namely with tripartite tsunami wave trains approaching from west, south-west and south, and with 2 different intensities (moderate and extreme). Both, in the moderate and extreme scenarios
. Results of numerical simulations are in good accordance with geoscientific field evidence obtained from the northern gulf coast between Katakolo, Epitalio and Kato Samiko, indicating multiple strong tsunami impact in prehistorical and historical times
. Both, simulation results and field evidence support the Olympia Tsunami Hypothesis, suggesting that ancient Olympia was destroyed and buried by repeated tsunami-related flooding of the coast along the Kyparissiakos Gulf. The regional tsunami risk has
Africa ; Atmospheric circulation ; Interannual variability ; Model ; Monsoon ; Precipitation ; Sahel ; Simulation ; Spatial distribution ; Temperature ; West Africa
En saison des pluies (juin-août), les distributions spatiales de la température et de la pluie sont assez bien simulées par les modèles climatiques régionaux, malgré la présence de quelques biais froids (le long des côtes guinéennes) et secs (dans
are what makes a given DGVM unique within the family of vegetation models. The variety of available climatic forcing datasets introduces uncertainty into simulations of hydrological variables. It is proposed that satellite-derived data, validated thoroughly
Domaine semi-aride ; Erosion des sols ; Erosion hydrique ; Espagne ; Modèle ; Murcia ; Précipitation ; Simulation ; Tempête ; Utilisation du sol ; Variabilité climatique
Climatic variability ; Land use ; Model ; Murcia ; Precipitation ; Semi-arid area ; Simulation ; Soil erosion ; Spain ; Storm ; Water erosion
and shortening the timescales for which each model was developed. The erosion effects of rainfall variability, climate and land use change were explored on a centennial timescale. Results show non-linear behaviour between rainfall input and simulated net erosion
. Simulated net erosion for increased rainfall erosivity was compared to rainfall variability, showing that mean annual net erosion of up to 15% increased erosivity is not significantly different from annual mean net erosion of the original simulations. Single
This paper presents an agent-based model that simulates policy scenarios to characterize how the production of poppy can be dampened and replaced with licit crops over time. The model is initialized with spatial data, including transportation
Atmospheric pollution ; Climatic change ; Fine particle ; Health ; Mortality ; Poland ; Pollution ; Simulation ; Twenty-first century
En 2000, les particules fines d'un diamètre aérodynamique inférieur à 2,5 µm auraient occasionné 39 800 décès prématurés en Pologne. Or, cette pollution est fortement dépendante du contexte climatique. Différentes simulations laissent à penser que
Herbicide losses and the influence of physicochemical properties of flufenacet, metazachlor and terbuthylazine were studied on a microplot of bare soil and slight slope with rainfall simulation. The highest concentrations were detected in the first
Les composantes de la variation du niveau du plan d'eau ont été étudiées pour reconstituer les niveaux marins atteints lors des épisodes de Mar de Leva (MDL) dans le nord du bassin caribéen, au cours de l'année 2010. Les simulations ont été
réalisées par l'emploi conjoint des modèles ADCIRC, pour la simulation de la marée, des effets de surcote barométrique et de la surcote de vent, SWAN pour la propagation des vagues et la simulation de la surélévation du plan d'eau liées à l'action mécanique
d'une bonne corrélation des résultats obtenus pour chacune des simulations et des observations vidéo, permet de mettre en évidence l'étroite relation entre changement morphologique des profils de plage (érosion) et niveaux atteints lors du déferlement
European small portable rainfall simulators : A comparison of rainfall characteristics
Allemagne ; Erosion des sols ; Erosion hydrique ; Espagne ; Etude comparée ; Europe ; Instrumentation ; Précipitation ; Simulation de pluie ; Suisse ; Technique de recherche
Comparative study ; Europe ; Germany ; Instrumentation ; Precipitation ; Rainfall simulation ; Research technique ; Soil erosion ; Spain ; Switzerland ; Water erosion
The artificially generated rainfall of the simulators used at the Universities Basel, La Rioja, Malaga, Trier, Tübingen, Valencia, Wageningen, Zaragoza, and at different CSIC (Spanish Scientific Research Council) institutes (Almeria, Cordoba
, Granada, Murcia and Zaragoza) was measured with the same methods (Laser Precipitation Monitor for drop spectra and rain collectors for spatial distribution). Data are very beneficial for improvements of simulators and comparison of simulators and results
. Furthermore, they can be used for comparative studies, e.g. with measured natural rainfall spectra. The comparison represents a good data-base for improvements and provides a consistent picture of the different parameters of the simulators that were tested.
Beijing ; China ; Erosion control ; Experimentation ; Geotechnics ; Geotextile ; Hebei ; Rainfall simulation ; Road ; Road infrastructure ; Soil erosion ; Water erosion
In order to examine the effects of 3 kinds of geotextiles (shade net, non-woven fabrics and straw mats) on road slopes in decreasing runoff and soil loss, a self-made rainfall simulator was calibrated and used in a field experiment on slopes of Jing
–Cheng (Beijing–Chengde) highway in China. Forty rainfall simulations were carried out on 4 road slopes covered with straw mats, shade net, non-woven fabrics and nothing, respectively. The three kinds of geotextiles all significantly (P < 0.001) decreased