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Pokrajinski učinki skalnega podora v Pologu

Geomorphology ; Impact ; Landscape ; Natural landscape ; Rockfall ; Slovenia
A rockfall was triggered in the Tolminka valley at Polog in the beginning of May, 2004. Rockfall didn't endangered settlements or infrastructure, but it caused many disturbances in natural environment. After the rockfall we could observe many
impacts of rockfalls on the natural landscape. We put special emphasis on damming of the valley, filling up the lake with sediments from upstream of the rockfall and to the ratio between the rockfall slope and erosion of the river. - (L'A.).

Rockfall activity from an alpine cliff during thawing periods

Rockfall activity from an alpine cliff during thawing periods
Cirque ; Freezing ; Japan ; Mountain ; Rockfall ; Seasonal variation ; Snow cover ; Temperature ; Thawing ; Weathering
This paper describes observations of rockfall activity in Hosozawa Cirque in the Japanese Alps, from 1984 to 1998. The period includes intensive observations of both rockfalls and rock temperatures for 3 years (1993-1995). Rock debris transported
onto snow surfaces was measured during seasonal thawing periods. Discussion is focused on the mechanism of rockfall generation and controls of the dimension of rockfall debris.

Spatial and temporal rockfall activity in a forest stand in the Swiss Prealps - A dendrogeomorphological case study

Spatial and temporal rockfall activity in a forest stand in the Swiss Prealps - A dendrogeomorphological case study
Bern ; Dendrology ; Forest ; Natural hazards ; Préalpes ; Rockfall ; Seasonal variation ; Slope ; Slope dynamics ; Switzerland
The investigated stand is situated at the foot of a high cliff in the transit zone of frequently passing, rather small rockfall fragments. The study site of Schwarzenberg is located in Diemtigtal, Bernese Oberland. Spatial analyses were performed
by interpolating the number of rockfall injuries per tree. Temporal analyses comprised the calculation of rockfall rates, trends in rockfall activity and their correlations with mean annual or seasonal temperatures, and precipitation totals.

Towards a uniform concept for the comparison and extrapolation of rockwall retreat and rockfall supply

Towards a uniform concept for the comparison and extrapolation of rockwall retreat and rockfall supply
Concept ; Conceptual model ; Model ; Mountain ; Rockfall ; Sediment budget ; Slope ; Slope dynamics
The concept proposed in this paper argues that the complexity inherent in rockfall studies can be reduced if the stages of backweathering, filling and depletion of intermediate storage on the rock face and final rockfall supply onto the talus slopes
are separated as these have different response functions and controlling factors. Simple conceptual models for the three stages are developed and are linked by a time-dependent rockfall delivery rate, which is defined as the difference between backweathering
and rockfall supply.

A review of rockfall mechanics and modelling approaches

A review of rockfall mechanics and modelling approaches
Bibliography ; Comparative study ; Geographical information system ; Model ; Natural hazards ; Rock mechanics ; Rockfall ; Slope ; Slope dynamics
This study summarizes existing rockfall models and proposes modifications to make them suitable for predicting rockfall at a regional scale. First, the basic mechanics of rockfall are summarized. Secondly, existing models are divided in 3 groups
: empirical models, process-based models and Geographical Information System (GIS)-based models. The final part is a discussion of how a model for predicting rockfall runout zones at a regional scale should be developed.

The influence of environmental and lithologic factors on rockfall at a regional scale : an evaluation using GIS

The influence of environmental and lithologic factors on rockfall at a regional scale : an evaluation using GIS
Cantabria ; Digital elevation model ; Fracture ; Freezing ; Geographical information system ; Lithology ; Mountain ; Natural hazards ; Rockfall ; Slope dynamics ; Slope gradient ; Spain
The AA. investigate a new method for the study of rockfall incidence at a regional scale over an area of 250 km2 of northern Spain, in the Cantabrian Cordillera. Using a cartographic database supported by a Geographic Information System (GIS
), the analysis of the spatial distribution of rockfall deposits reveals several relationships between rockfall activity and environmental variables.

Rockfalls and glacier contraction: cirque de Troumouse, French Pyrenees

Rockfalls and glacier contraction: cirque de Troumouse, French Pyrenees
Cirque ; France ; Glacial erosion ; Mass movement ; Mountain ; Pyrénées ; Rockfall ; Slope dynamics

Rockfall hazard and risk assessment on forested slopes, examples from Czechia

Rockfall hazard and risk assessment on forested slopes, examples from Czechia
Czech Republic ; Forest ; Landslide ; Methodology ; Natural hazards ; Preventive measure ; Rockfall ; Slope
Rockfall hazard is assessed using Rockfor.net, which is one dimensional tool for assessing the protective function of forests against rockfall. Three sites where chosen to test the tool with different morphological and forest conditions. For each

Analyzing rockfall activity (1600-2002) in a protection forest - a case study using dendrogeomorphology

Analyzing rockfall activity (1600-2002) in a protection forest - a case study using dendrogeomorphology
Alps (The) ; Dendrochronology ; Dendrology ; Rockfall ; Slope ; Slope dynamics ; Switzerland ; Valais
In this paper, dendrogeomorphology has been used to investigate spatial and temporal variations of rockfall activity in a protection forest. The AA. report results of 564 cores from 135 European larch trees (Larix decidua Mill.) on the west-facing
Täschgufer slope, Swiss Alps, documenting decadal and yearly variations in rockfall activity over more than 400 years.

Rockfall activity in the Kangchenjunga area, Nepal Himalaya

Rockfall activity in the Kangchenjunga area, Nepal Himalaya
Freeze-thaw cycle ; High mountain ; Himalaya ; Insolation ; Mountain ; Nepal ; Rockfall ; Slope dynamics ; Snow ; Surface temperature ; Temperature
Rockfall activity and related environmental factors (i.e. bedrock thermal regime and precipitation) were monitored through most of one year at elevations between 4600 m and 6800 m in the Kangchenjunga valley of the Nepal Himalaya to identify
rockfall dynamics, estimate rockfall frequency for different aspects, and assess temporal and spatial variations in rockfall activity. Rockfall activity on north-facing slopes is mainly controlled by insolation relating to solar elevation and showed
an abrupt increase in the pre-monsoon season. Rockfall activity on east-, west- and south-facing slopes is controlled by the duration and effectiveness of sunshine and accumulation of snow. The north-facing slope has a small diurnal range of rock surface
temperatures and exhibits seasonal freeze-thaw, whereas the other aspects show frequent diurnal freeze-thaw. These differences result in seasonal rockfall activity on the north-facing slope and the infrequent release of large debris and year-round rockfall

Examples of recent rockfalls from basalt cliffs in Northern Ireland

Examples of recent rockfalls from basalt cliffs in Northern Ireland
Basalt ; Cliff ; Engineering geology ; Northern Ireland ; Railway ; Risk ; Road infrastructure ; Rockfall ; Seismicity ; Slope ; United Kingdom
Two examples of recent rockfalls from basalt cliffs in Northern Ireland are described and some trigger mechanisms suggested. The Downhill rockfall of June 2002 resulted in derailment of the Londonderry-Belfast train and occurred following two months
of above average rainfall. The Trostan rockfall(s) has (have) resulted in basalt boulders accumulating on the track bed of a late nine teenth century mineral railway, the track having been removed by 1900. The possibility of distant seismic activity acting
as a trigger mechanism is introduced. Both examples exceed in magnitude rockfall events recorded elsewhere on the Ulster basalts.

Rolling stones and tree rings : A state of research on dendrogeomorphic reconstructions of rockfall

Rolling stones and tree rings : A state of research on dendrogeomorphic reconstructions of rockfall
Alps (The) ; Austria ; Dendrogeomorphology ; Dendrology ; Europe ; Geochronology ; Mass movement ; Natural hazards ; Rockfall ; Simulation ; Switzerland
This progress report focuses on the contribution of tree-ring series to rockfall research and on recent development and challenges in the field. Dendrogeomorphic techniques have been used extensively since the early 2000s and several approaches have
been developed to extract rockfall signals from tree-ring records of conifer trees. In this report, the AA. propose a new approach considering impact probability and quantification of uncertainty in the reconstruction of rockfall time series as well

Vliv meteorologických faktorů na skalní řícení v Moravskoslezských Beskydech

Climatic variability ; Czech Republic ; Dendrogeomorphology ; Impact study ; Landslide ; Meteorology ; Moravian-Silesian Beskids mountain ; Mountain ; Rockfall
Rockfall rate series for four sites in the Moravskoslezské Beskydy Mountains (Smrk1, Smrk2, Ropice and Slatina) were crated in period 1931-2008, using dendrogeomorphic approach. Meteorological stations were also selected to study the influence
of meteorological factors on rockfall. Despite the complexity of the rockfall process, uncertainty in the development of rockfall rate series and uncertainty in local meteorological patterns, there exist statistically significant correlation coefficients between
rockfall rate series and meteorological variables. - (EN)

Causes and remedial measures for rockfalls and landslides on Naina Peak, Nainital, Kumaun Himalaya, U.P., India

Causes and remedial measures for rockfalls and landslides on Naina Peak, Nainital, Kumaun Himalaya, U.P., India
The rockfalls and landslides of this area are placed in their geological context. The progressive stages of the 1987 landslide are described over the 12-day period when this event occurred. Measures to stabilize the potential zone of future

Forty years of rockfall accumulation at the Mount Wilcox site, Jasper National Park, Alberta, Canada

Forty years of rockfall accumulation at the Mount Wilcox site, Jasper National Park, Alberta, Canada
Alberta ; Canada ; Lichenometry ; Mountain ; Quantitative analysis ; Rockfall ; Slope dynamics
Rockfall accumulation was measured in 1981 and 2000 along ca. 850 m of the former Banff-Jasper highway that skirts a large talus cone from Mount Wilcox in Jasper National Park, Alberta. Approximately 34.5 m3 of rockfall debris has accumulated
on the roadbed since it was abandoned in 1961. Over the observation period, approximately 10 rockfalls > 0.25 m were deposited on the road each year, but only one every two years was > 0.5 m. Much larger rockfalls (up to 6-10 m3) have traveled across the road
, creating bumpholes, and been deposited on the outwash. These results indicate some of the problems with trying to estimate rates of contemporary rockfall activity from sampling programmes based on relatively short periods of time and limited depositional
areas because of the magnitude frequency distribution of the rockfall events.

Rockfall hazard inventory, Ram river, Mackenzie mountains

Rockfall hazard inventory, Ram river, Mackenzie mountains

Kvantitativní hodnocení ohrožení a rizika ze skalního řícení ve vybraných obcích Národního parku České Švýcarsko, severozápadní Česko

Czech Republic ; Hazard ; Modelling ; National park ; Natural hazards ; Quantitative analysis ; Rockfall ; Sandstone
Quantitative rockfall hazard and specific risk assessment of the selected municipalities within the České Švýcarsko National Park was performed using two rockfall hazard analysis modelling codes. CONEFALL and RockFall Analyst codes were used
to delimit rockfall hazard regions. Specific risk to buildings was consequently assessed using results from the hazard analysis and literature-derived vulnerability values. Results of hazard and risk assessments for two nearby municipalities were compared

Dendrogeomorphic dating of rockfalls on low-latitude, high-elevation slopes: Rodadero, Iztaccíhuatl volcano, Mexico

Dendrogeomorphic dating of rockfalls on low-latitude, high-elevation slopes: Rodadero, Iztaccíhuatl volcano, Mexico
Dating ; Dendrogeomorphology ; Dendrology ; High mountain ; Mexico ; Mountain ; Pine ; Puebla ; Rockfall ; Slope dynamics ; Volcano
The AA. test the potential of conifers growing at a low-latitude, high-elevation site as a dendrogeomorphic tool to reconstruct to calendar dates associated rockfall activity. Analysis is based on tree-ring records of Mexican mountain pine growing
at timberline (~4000 m a.s.l.) and at the runout fringe of a NNE-facing slope of the dormant Iztaccíhuatl volcano (Mexico), which is subject to frequent rockfalls. The potential and limitations of tree-ring data are demonstrated based on 67 rockfall impacts
dated in the increment-ring series of 24 trees since AD 1836. While findings of this paper are site-specific, the study clearly shows the potential of dendrogeomorphic approaches for the understanding of rockfall processes in space and time.

Evaluation of meteorological controls of reconstructed rockfall activity in the Czech Flysch Carpathians

Evaluation of meteorological controls of reconstructed rockfall activity in the Czech Flysch Carpathians
Carpathian Mountains ; Correlation ; Czech Republic ; Dendrogeomorphology ; Dendrology ; Flysch ; Freeze-thaw cycle ; Mountain ; Precipitation ; Rockfall ; Slope dynamics ; Temperature
The spatio-temporal characteristics of rockfall activity were studied at four localities representative of old landslides in the highest part of the Czech Flysch Carpathians (Moravskoslezské Beskydy Mountains). Historical activity, chronology
, and spatial context of rockfall activity were reconstructed using dendrogeomorphic techniques and rockfall rate index (RR). Temporal analysis and correlation of the RR series obtained with monthly mean temperatures, numbers of days with temperature transitions
through 0°C and monthly precipitation totals show that meteorological characteristics have evident but variable influence on rockfall activity. The most important factor is the effect of freeze-thaw cycles throughout the year, supplemented by low

From geotechnical analysis to quantification and modelling using LiDAR data : a study on rockfall in the Reintal catchment, Bavarian Alps, Germany

From geotechnical analysis to quantification and modelling using LiDAR data : a study on rockfall in the Reintal catchment, Bavarian Alps, Germany
Alps (The) ; Bavaria ; Digital elevation model ; Geographical information system ; Germany ; LiDAR ; Modelling ; Mountain ; Quantitative analysis ; Rockfall ; Watershed
In the year 2007, enhanced rockfall activity was observed within the scarp of a 500 BP rockslide in the Reintal catchment (Northern Calcareous Alps, Germany). In this case study, the AA. focus on 3 aspects of rockfall research. First, they compile
and the mass balance of the rockfall event(s). Third, the event(s) is simulated using the results of the LiDAR surveys and a modified GIS-based rockfall model in order to test its capability of predicting the extent and the spatial distribution of deposition

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