Climatic variability ; Europe ; Flood ; Historical climate ; Historical geography ; Little ice age ; Meltwater ; Ninth Century ; Precipitation ; Radiation ; Rain anomaly ; Twentieth Century ; Volcanism
Information on extreme rains and floods during the last millennium is gathered on the basis of various records. It is possible to distinguish heavy downpours, continuous rains, rainy seasons, rapid snowmelts and combinations of all of them
. On this basis the A. describes phases with higher and lower frequencies of extreme rains and floods in Europe in a regionally-differentiated manner. The phase of the Little Ice Age is well expressed throughout Europe, although its particular events were never
The uplifting Sikkim Himalaya are invaded every 20-40 years by extreme floods caused by continuous rains, exceeding 600-1000 mm in 2-3 days. Steep slopes, permeable soils and deforestation cause a simultaneous passing of thresholds of the slope
During the Holocene were identified episodes with higher frequency of extreme events like heavy downpours, continuous rains, rainy phases, rapid decades. All of them are reflected in sedimentary sequences, in relief and biotic changes
. The A. distinguish the effects of heavy downpours, continuous rains and extreme rainy seasons, as well as snowmelt floods visible in transformation of slopes and river channels. This examination shows a random distribution in 20-th century with few clusterings