Potential of climatotherapy, recreation and work under an open air in Poland
Bioclimatology ; Climatotherapy ; Health ; Human bioclimatology ; Leisure ; Poland
The evaluation of suitability of bioclimatic conditions of Poland for the needs of climatotherapy, recreation and work under an open air was elaborated based on the concept of heat balance of the human body. For distinguishing the spatial units
Emigration ; Immigration ; International migration ; Poland
The paper evaluates sources of statistical data on emigration from, and immigration to Poland. Subsequently, it provides an account of recent migration trends, including information on countries of destination and origin, as well as selected
The subject of the present paper is the damage caused by severe winds in Poland in 1975-86. Since 1985 individual farmers have been required to pay a natural disaster insurance for buildings, movables crops and livestock. Therefore, the damage
In the studies of the transformations of the agricultural landscape of Poland from the early 18th century to World War II the A. has distinguished the three following aspects : establishment of new settlements ; transformations of the layouts
The Polish countryside has undergone various morphological transformations throughout the history. That was resulting from unusual territorial variability of Poland and different national status of individual historic regions, which were remaining
within the structures of neighbouring states and were influenced by their culture, various economic concept and patterns of rural spatial organization. As a result of that the forms of rural settlement in different historical regions of Poland acquired
Structure of the rural population incomes in Poland before and after the accession to the European Union
Common agricultural policy ; European integration ; Income ; Poland ; Rural population
In the period of transformation significant changes in the structure of income sources of population in Poland have been observed. The most important ones are a fall in the share of salaries and an increased role of social transfers as a main source
of incomes, especially visible in rural areas. Accession of Poland to the EU creates through Common Agricultural Policy and regional new possibilities for overcoming income problems troubling rural population, but authors argue that during the first years
Transforming the functional structure of Poland's rural areas
Classification ; Poland ; Rural area ; Years 1990-99
This article is devoted to changes in the functional structure of Poland's rural areas in the years 1988-1999, that is - in the period of transition from the socialist to market economy and the country's preparations for the EU accession
a strengthening of the agricultural function in central and eastern Poland, while the West and parts of the South witnessed an increase in the significance of functions outside agriculture. - (BJ)
The intensity and the structure of the cross-border traffic at the eastern boundary of Poland on the basis of a field study
Belorussia ; District ; Frontier ; Human trafficking ; Poland ; Road traffic ; Russia ; Trans-border area ; Ukraine
On the basis of data, collected by the Border Guards, it is not possible to determine the detailed geographical structure of vehicle traffic (passenger cars, heavy loads and coaches) crossing the Eastern boundary of Poland. The sole source
of information on the origin of the vehicles, coming to Poland, is constituted by the field studies. On the basis of such studies, carried-out at five border crossing points (with Russia, Kaliningrad district, Belarus and Ukraine) detailed analysis was performed
of the traffic of vehicles at the level of counties in Poland and districts in the countries, bordering upon Poland from the East. – (BJ)
The article summarizes the results of a study conducted among travel agencies located in Prague. The study had two main goals : to identify the importance of the offer of trips to Poland as well as to prepare an analysis of perception of Poland
as a tourist destination in the eyes of employees of travel agencies located in Prague. The study is a part of a larger work dealing about the attractiveness of Poland as a tourist destination for the people of the Czech Republic. The results show that despite
an important part of agencies offering trips to Poland, their employees are not reality able to recommend this destination due to the lack of information and promotional materials. - (EN)
Spatial variability of multifunctional landscape as the basis for potential differences of regional smart growth of rural areas - the examples from Poland
Development ; Economic growth ; Poland ; Regional policy ; Rural area ; Socio-economic indicators
, conducted for two territorial units of Poland, corresponding to the provinces of Greater Poland - situated in western Poland, and Podlasie - in the north-eastern part of the country. The choice of these provinces was by no means incidental, since
they are representive, in terms of numerous socio-economic features, for the larger areas of western and eastern Poland. The results obtained indicate that smart growth can be considered a very important tool in development of the regional growth policies. - (BJ)
This paper discusses the output of Polish climatologists dealing with climate changes. Climatic forecasts for Poland are presented (with the development of the greenhouse effect taken into account). Circulation factors take part in forming climate
fluctuations. The paper presents a 500 hPa configuration determining thermal and precipitation anomalies in Poland. The duration of circulation epochs and development stages of continental and oceanic features of Poland's climate were compared. The analysis
Variability in air temperature in Poland (1951-2000) and its conditioning in terms of atmospheric circulation
Air temperature ; Atmospheric circulation ; Atmospheric pressure ; Central Europe ; Climatic variability ; Forecast ; Global change ; Mathematical model ; Poland ; Temperature ; Years 1990-99
The article presents the results of a verification of climatic forecasts of mean air temperature in Poland in the years 1991-2000, devised by extrapolating the course of temperature over the years 1951-1990 (linear trend and superimposition
(at points 45°N, 15°E, 45°N, 30°E, 60°N, 15°E and 60°N, 30°E) and the temperature in Poland in the years 1951-90. The predicted annual means and most of the monthly means for temperature differed significantly from the values observed in Poland in the years
The political changes in Poland taking place after 1989 have started a number of processes in Polish agriculture. Contribution of agriculture to national income has been decreasing from 12.2 % in 1989 to 2.7 % in 2003. State farms possessed in 1989
18.8 % of total agricultural land in Poland were liquidated. Eastern markets for agricultural products from Poland were partly closed. At the some time there are some regions in Poland, characterized by high development of agriculture. One
of such regions is Podlasie localized in North-East Poland and specialized in dairy cattle breeding - (17 heads) and in some gminas of Podlasie region (50-70 head). - (BJ)
The Wartanian Siedlec Sandur (Zedlitzer Sander) southwards the Trzebnica Hills, Silesian Lowland, Southwestern Poland : re-examination after fifty years