This study examines : 1) the morphology of mound, pit, and undisturbed pedons| 2) the effect of pit/mound microtopography on soil water content and soil freezing| 3) the spatial and temporal variability of pedogenesis as indicated by cations of Fe
This paper reviews the formation and longevity of pit and mound microtopography formed by tree uprooting, and examines the importance of this process to mass wasting and soil genesis. This paper focuses on the physical environment, concentrating