Dating ; Holocene ; Little ice age ; Moraine ; Norway ; Quaternary ; Relative dating ; Schmidt hammer ; Southern Norway
The AA. used the Schmidt hammer to assess the relative exposure ages of previously dated Little Ice Age moraines deposited by Svellnosbreen glacier in Jotunheimen southern Norway. Schmidt hammer measurements were taken on moraine surfaces which have
been deglaciated for 79–259 years since the Little Ice Age, to reconstruct and date previous snout positions. Dating used a typical linear Little Ice Age age-calibration curve and the ages of unknown surfaces were predicted based on Schmidt hammer
Geomatics techniques applied to glaciers, rock glaciers, and ice patches in Spain (1991–2012)
of the Iberian Peninsula. The applied techniques must be adapted to the dynamic conditions of cryospheric environments. This paper analyses the techniques used and results on vertical and horizontal changes of glaciers, rock glaciers and ice patches in the Sierra
generated based on aerial photographs from 1961 (black and white frame camera), 1990 (false infrared frame camera) and 2009 (colour digital camera), obtained from the Norsk Polar Institute. Receding from its maximum Little Ice Age extent, attained
in the period 1900/1920-2013, the glacier margin retreated by 1658 m while the extent of the area of ice decreased by 26%. In terms of landscape alteration between 1961 and 2009, the most important was the creation of a terminoglacial lake, which acted
with time. The end moraine complex was the most stable component, affected mainly by dead-ice downwasting and to a lesser extent by sporadic debris flows.
lithology, strong fabrics and overfolds indicative of regional east/southeast to west/northwest late Weichselian ice flow. This lithofacies association is overlain at both sites by west-dipping, stratified, graded gravel and diamicton beds that downlap onto
laminated silts. These beds reflect episodic debris flows into a leeside cavity developed following creation of relief by deposition and deformation of a subglacial diamicton nucleus located up-ice. Variations in substrate hydrological processes
Alps (The) ; Climatic change ; Climatic warming ; Environmental management ; Europe ; Glacial features ; Glacier ; Little ice age ; Model ; Mountain ; Natural hazards ; New Zealand ; Palaeo-environment ; Paraglacial ; South Island ; United Kingdom
, and the Little Ice Age). From this, they may anticipate the likely responses of glacial and paraglacial environments in mountains to global warming over coming decades. The AA. show that future changes in glacial and paraglacial environments, in particular
the upper or outer periphery of the ice field, where glacial adaptation of fluvial valleys is incomplete; and in fluvial valleys beyond glacial limits where incision is locally intense. RSF is absent from the range divide, from within cirques, and from most
meltwater route) typically display a bimodal particle size distribution, where the carbonate silt fraction has been depleted and non-carbonate silts become dominant. Fine-grained outwash deposits from directly in front of the former ice margin (type 2