Pingos are true perennial permafrost mounds. It is generally accepted that there are 2 main types of pingos in terms of genesis : hydrostatic (closed system) and hydraulic (open system). It is here proposed that a third category of polygenetic
(or mixed) pingos should also be recognized. Since suitable conditions for the formation of pure hydrostatic pingos are rarely met outside the Mackenzie Delta/Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula area the world type of pingo is most likely to be of an hydraulic
Geoid models show that net uncompensated masses in subducting lithosphere are less than thermal models predict, and do not require elevation of mantle phase changes in the slabs. The largest deviations from hydrostatic equilibrium ignore plate
that the fundamental dynamics of the disturbances is in each case governed by the hydrostatic and semigeostrophic approximations. The latter implies that a geostrophic balance exists between the alongshore velocity of the motion and the across-shore pressure gradient.
Lithological and palynological data from organic levels below some ramparts suggest growth of most of the pingos in a thaw lake environment. Hydrostatic (closed-system) origin of the pingos is suggested. Radiocarbon data indicate that the pingos
. The earth's lithosphere is sufficiently thin and flexible in order to adapt itself to decreasing of the angle velocity of the earth's rotation. Recent geoid heights should be measured from the hydrostatic ellipsoid with the flattening of I/299.67. On the other
strongly lie in the hydrogeological and geotechnical properties of a complex aquifer system. These properties are related to the high hydrostatic pressures in aquifers that reduce the effective stress of inconsolidated coarse sands, thereby leading
were hydrostatic frost blisters. Up to 6 frost blisters were found within individual polygons due to the relatively small volume of water needed to create each mound. The frost blisters were perennial, with individuals remaining identifiable on aerial
photographs and satellite images for up to 10 years. Frost blisters collapsed along dilation cracks opened by hydrostatic uplift and by thawing from their sides caused by snow drifting and water ponding. Cyclical growth and decay of the mounds may degrade
Ice blisters develop annually on perennially frozen lakes in Northern Victoria Land. They are believed to be caused by hydrostatic pressures generated through progressive freezing of solute-rich water beneath the lake-ice cover during winter. Lake