Author challenges orthodox position that livestock grazing causes increased environmental degradation. He examines the grazing part of the household livelihood strategies of rural people in Tarija, Bolivia, who use a range of micro-environments
by Julian Simon) that there are no environmental limits because of unfailing human ingenuity. He suggest rejecting the mutually opposed orthodoxies for socially informed understanding of environmental security that considers types of social solidarity
) and will facilate a critical debate over the meaning of biophysical processes. He supports the adoption of cultural theory, new ecology, and critical realism in environmental research which should incorporate environmental perception, long-term environmental