The A. presents the case that plasticity in functional phenotypes might be studied for more rapid gain in understanding of biogeographical distribution of tropical trees. First, he presents simple theoretical logic that trees and tropical tree
species in particular might be selected for higher levels of phenotypic plasticity than most other plant forms. Next, he acknowledges the difficulties of actually testing whether or not variation in function is caused by phenotypic plasticity. Finally, he
and extending them to eliminate problematic assumptions and to fit real-world geographical exigencies. Then, he illustrates how such models can be applied to research problems including hypothesis testing. Finally, the A. proposes an invasion rule based