Estimation of growthrates of coastal tafoni in tuff at Oku-Matsushima
Chemical erosion ; Coastal environment ; Erosion rate ; Honshu ; Japan ; Salt ; Taffoni ; Tufa ; Weathering
This paper tries to estimate the rate of tafoni growth and duration of tafoni development using the Matsukura and Matsuoka's (1996) equation representing relationships between rates of tafoni growth and rock properties in Oku-Matsushima Coast.
Growthrate of a very large crustose lichen (Rhizocarpon subgenus) and its implications for lichenometry
Dating ; Growthrate ; Lichen ; Lichenometry ; Model ; Norway ; Southern Norway ; Taxonomy
The aim of this paper is to report measurements made since 1981 of the growthrate of a very large lichen of the Rhizocarpon subgenus which, in 2007, had a maximum diameter of 465 mm, and to discuss the implications for lichen growth studies
and lichenometric dating. Specific objectives are: (1) to estimate the extent of variability in the mean annual radial growthrate both around the thallus perimeter and through time; (2) to compare the growthrate with those of smaller lichens; and (3) to evaluate
the implications of the results for lichen longevity, lichen growth-rate models and lichenometric dating curves.
Urban growth under conditions of unbalanced urban development
This paper points to symptoms of unbalanced growth of the urban region of Warsaw in the period of accelerated growth prior to 1975 and the subsequent economic collapse around 1980, illustrated with selected problems of the growthrate of employment
, population and housing. Effects of a policy of controlling urban growth at a time of labor and housing shortages.
Within-site variation in lichen growthrates and its implications for direct lichenometry
Analysis of variance ; Dating ; Growthrate ; Lichenometry ; Microclimate ; Slope exposure ; United Kingdom ; Wales
Variation in lichen growthrates poses a significant challenge for the application of direct lichenometry, i.e. the construction of lichen dating curves from direct measurement of growthrates. To examine the magnitude and possible causes of within
-site growth variation, radial growthrates (RaGRs) of thalli of the fast-growing foliose lichen Melanelia fuliginosa ssp. fuliginosa (Fr. ex Duby) Essl. and the slow-growing crustose lichen Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC. were studied on two S-facing
considerable growthrate variation in both species studied, growth curves could be constructed with sufficient precision to be useful for direct lichenometry.
Lichen growthrates on glacier forelands in southern Norway : preliminary results from a 25-year monitoring programme
Biogeography ; Climatic variability ; Cold area ; Dating ; Growth model ; Inventory ; Lichen ; Lichenometry ; Moraine ; Norway ; Periglacial features ; Southern Norway
: spatial and temporal variability in lichen growthrates; climatic effects on lichen growthrates; lichen growth models; and implications for lichenometric dating. Comparison with growthrates inferred from indirect lichenometry suggest that high measured
growthrates could not have been maintained over the last few centuries by the largest lichens used in southern Norway for lichenometric dating. Several hypotheses, such as the effects of competition and climate change which might explain this paradox
A unique 25-year lichen growth monitoring programme involving 2,795 individuals of the Rhizocarpon subgenus at 47 sites on 18 glacier forlands in the Jotunheimen-Jostedalsbreen regions is reported. Relating to direct lichenometry, the AA. study
Forecasting state and local population growth with limited data : the use of employment-migration relationships and trends in vital rates
In this paper, growth of state and local population is related to the area's net natural increase and to its net migration. In turn, net migration is related to the growth of national employment and to the growth of regional civilian and military
Use of bomb-C 14 to investigate the growth and carbon turnover rates of a crustose lichen
C 14 dating ; Carbon cycle ; Comparative study ; Dating ; Growthrate ; Lichen ; Lichenometry ; Methodology ; Quaternary ; Scotland ; United Kingdom
The AA. investigated the use of bomb-C 14 analysis to determine the growthrate of a different crustose species (Pertusaria pseudocorallina) common to Northern Europe, recovered near Lochearnhead, central Scotland. C 14-based growthrates were
considerably higher than growthrates of morphologically similar species based on direct measurements made at locations nearby and elsewhere in the UK. This result suggests that a degree of carbon turnover probably occurs in Pertusaria pseudocorallina
, and that bomb-C 14 analysis alone cannot be used to determine lichen age or absolute growthrates in this lichen species.
Urbanization and economic growth in Indonesia : good news, bad news and (possible) local government mitigation
Economic development ; Economic growth ; Gross domestic product ; Indonesia ; Infrastructure ; Population growth ; Public expenditure ; Role of the State ; Urban population ; Urbanization
Time-series analysis for Indonesia over the period 1960–2009 suggests that the level of urbanization is positively associated with economic growth but that the rate of change of urbanization is nega-tively correlated with growth of economic output
. A sub-national dynamic panel investigation provides additional evidence of the positive and negative level and rate effects, respectively. The panel analysis also implies that the harmful impact of urban population growth is linked to insufficient local
public infrastructure spending. Local governments that invest more heavily in infrastructure are better able to cope with the apparent detrimental effects of rapid urbanization on economic growth.
rate of crustose lichens in Greenland. The latter part of the paper presents new data on lichen growthrates from Sermilik, between 2001 and 2006, in 22 different lichen species. Results and discussion.
This paper presents a critical review of previous lichenometric and lichen growth studies in southern parts of West and East Greenland. Particular emphasis is placed on those studies examining the role played by climatic continentality on the growth
Long-term growth of a valley-bottom gully, western Iowa
Growth of a permanent, valley-bottom gully from 1964 to 2000 was determined annually from survey and sediment-discharge data and compared with runoff and baseflow discharges. Data were analysed to test the hypothesis that rates of gully growth decay
exponentially with time in response to shrinking catchment area caused by gully enlargement. Also, monthly values of growthrates and runoff, averaged over the 36-year record, were analysed with mass-wasting data to determine the extent to which colluvium
availability affected growthrates seasonally. Moreover, this study illustrates that stream power alone provides only a rough and physically indirect measure of erosion potential.
Dendrochronology and lichenometry : colonization, growthrates and dating of geomorphological events on the east side of the North Patagonian Icefield, Chile
This paper highlights the importance for dating accuracy of initial studies of delay before colonization for both trees and lichens and tree age below core height, particularly in recently deglaciated terrain where colonization and growthrates may
vary widely due to differences in micro-environment. It demonstrates how dendrochronology and lichenometry can be used together in an assessment of each other's colonization and growthrates, and then cross-correlated to provide a supportive dating
Composition structure and disturbance history of old-growth and second-growth forests in Adirondack Park, New York
the persistence of historical events. The composition and structure of old growth were distinctive, but disturbance rates in old growth were similar to patterns in nearby second-growth forest in spite of differences in stand age and past human activity. Together
The A. compares patterns of species composition, size structure, and disturbance in old-growth, hemlock-dominated forests with those characteristics of post-fire, second-growth forests in the Adirondack Mountains in northern New York to document
the old growth and the unmanaged secondary forests enhance landscape diversity.
The use of lichen growth rings in lichenometry : some preliminary findings
Dating ; Experimentation ; Growthrate ; Iceland ; Lichenometry ; Quaternary ; Radial growth ; United Kingdom ; Wales
to predict the age of a dated surface in southeast Iceland. Results and discussion about a possible alternative method of studying the growthrate of lichens.
This study presents some preliminary observations on the marginal growth rings observed in a population of Ochrolechia parella (L.) growing at a maritime site in north Wales, and also a small experiment using lichens with marginal growth rings
Studies on the growth of Rhizocarpon geographicum in NW Scotland, and some implications for lichenometry
Biogeography ; Dating ; Growthrate ; Lichen ; Lichenometry ; Photography ; Scotland ; The 2000's ; United Kingdom
This study reports on the growth of this crustose areolate species from 2 sites in Assynt, NW Scotland between 2002 and 2009. Results and discussion about thalli growthrates observed on a vertical surface over 5 years at Inchnadamph, and over 7
years near Lochinver. Other growth processes were monitored over the 5 to 7-year study period, including hypothallus growth, areolae development, thallus coalescence, and inter-species competition. All have important implications for the use
This review considers various aspects of the growth of crustose lichens revealed by direct measurement including : 1) early growth and development; 2) radial growthrates (RGR); 3) the growthrate-size curve; and 4) the influence of environmental
California ; Dating ; Duricrust ; Earthquake ; Geochronology ; Growthrate ; Landslide ; Lichen ; Lichenometry ; Palaeogeography ; Prehistory ; Sierra Nevada ; United States of America
crustose lichens used here have constant long-term growthrates, ranging from 9.5 to 23.1 mm per century. Growthrates do not vary with altitude or climate in a 900 km long mountainous study region in California, USA. Linear growth regressions, when
projected to the present, constrain estimates of colonization time and possible styles of initial lichen growth.
Falls, the growthrate of the talus slope, the rate of decline of the cliff, and the retreat rate of the cliff top are estimated.
On the basis of a space-time substitution, rates of cliff retreat and talus development over the past tens of thousands of years were quantified for valley-side slopes along the Shomyo River with a known rate of waterfall recession. Detailed
profiles of the valley-side slopes were obtained at 19 sites along the river by map reading and field survey, and the morphologic characteristics of the slopes were then measured. By combining the locations of the slopes with the recession rate of Shomyo
one from the other from the point of view of spatial patterns of distribution of growthrates.
This article examines Zipf’s Law and Canadian urban growth. It appears that the dynamics of growth follow a deterministic process related to existing urban size, previous growth and spatial structure. Splitting the Canadian urban system into two
—east and west— permits the identification of differences that were not observable when studying the country as a whole. While size and previous growth are still important explanatory variables of growth patterns, these two systems may be distinguished