Ressources en énergie thermique dues aux climats de l'Amérique du Nord
Air temperature ; Climate ; Correlation ; Energy ; North America ; Radiation balance ; Soil temperature ; Thermal energy
Amérique du Nord ; Bilan radiatif ; Climat ; Corrélation ; Energie ; Energie thermique ; Température de l'air ; Température du sol
Carte des ressources en énergie thermique en moyenne annuelle et en MJ/m2 et carte des équivalents pétroles de ces mêmes ressources en tonnes par année. Graphique de corrélation entre les MJ/m2 et la latitude en degrés.
The objective of this study is to establish the climatological classification of Vietnam, based on the structure of heat and water balances. Data from 85 meteorological stations, for the period 1960-1975 were taken into account for determining mean
monthly values of main fluxes of energy and moisture. Various empirical formulae were used for this purpose. The ratio P/Ep (atmospheric precipitation / potential evaporation) is the main criterion in our classification, altogether nine types of climate
Using GIS for glacier volume calculations and topographic influence of the radiation balance. An example from Disko, West Greenland
Energybalance ; Geographical information system ; Glacier ; Glaciology ; Greenland ; Meltwater ; Numerical model ; Polar region ; Radiation ; Topography
good correspondance with volumes calculated from empiric formulas. An energybalance model is established in the frame of a rasterbased GIS. The model is used for demonstrating the significance of surrounding topography, on components in the energy
Surface energy budgets over alpine tundra in summer, Niwot Ridge, Colorado Front Range
Climatology ; Colorado ; Energybalance ; Evapotranspiration ; Meadow;Grassland ; Mountain ; Precipitation ; Radiation ; Soil moisture ; Summer ; Temperature ; Tundra ; United States
High variation in heat energybalance values was found to occur on five different kinds of tundra surfaces largely as a result of yearly changes in precipitation.―(DWG)
Méthodes de déduction d'un bilan d'énergie de surface à partir de mesures microclimatologiques de terrain réalisées au nord du Burkina Faso. Des valeurs peuvent être obtenues très précisément pour les flux de chaleur sensible en appliquant des
The purpose of this paper is to estimate the energy fluxes that drive the melt process on Storglaciären, located in the Kebnekaise massif. A case study of heat-budget calculations for a 40 day period in summer 1994 is presented. Some results from
The main purpose of this study is to present the methodology of topoclimatological classification of relatively small areas based on specific patterns of energy exchange at the interface earth-atmosphere, and in turn, its suitability
for topoclimatological mapping. Using the typologies of energy exchange for both day-time and night-time, the final classification of topoclimates has been elaborated. - (BJ)
La question de l'énergie au Sahel : un futur préoccupant
Afrique ; Consommation d'énergie ; Développement ; Développement durable ; Energie ; Environnement ; Etude d'impact ; Politique énergétique ; Ressource énergétique ; Sahel
Africa ; Development ; Energy ; Energy consumption ; Energy policy ; Energy resources ; Environment ; Impact study ; Sahel ; Sustainable development
Même si la totalité de la consommation d'énergie des huit pays du Sahel ne représente que le millième de celle de l'agglomération new yorkaise, les impacts sont redoutables sur l'environnement (combustibles ligneux) et sur les balances commerciales
(énergies primaires de type pétrolier). La situation énergétique risque, autant que les ressources en eau, d'hypothéquer le développement durable des régions confrontées à l'aridité et à la sécheresse. - (JPB)
Storsteinsfjellbreen : variations in mass balance from the 1960s to the 1990s
Aerial photography ; Glacier ; Glacier mass balance ; Map ; Norway ; Photointerpretation ; Summer ; Sweden ; Winter ; Years 1960-69 ; Years 1970-79 ; Years 1980-89 ; Years 1990-99
The mass balance of Storsteinsfjellbreen was observed during two 5-year periods (1964-68) and (1991-95). Comparisons made during the first of these periods indicate that 2 other small Norwegian glaciers in the area showed positive and negative net
balances similar to Storsteinfjellbreen. Annual net balance was found to be similar to the Swedish Storglaciären except for 1 year (1968). Consequently, it seems clear that, all the observed glaciers in the area are showing the same general pattern
in their mass balance. Further, the more maritime Storsteinsfjellbreen does not seem to collect more snow during the winter than the more continental Storglaciären.
[b1] Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Administration, Oslo, Norvege
Measurements and models of the mass balance of Hintereisferner
Special issue : Methods of mass balance measurements and modeling
Alps (The) ; Austria ; Energybalance ; Geodesy ; Glacier ; Glacier mass balance ; Glaciology ; Ground survey ; Model ; Mountain
This paper summarizes the methods applied to determine the mass balance of Hintereisferner and several other glaciers in the Tyrolean Alps since 1952. On an annual basis the direct glaciological method was applied with fixed date measurements on 10
-15 accumulation pits and 30-90 ablation stakes on 9 km2. The geodetic method has been applied for longer periods and yields results consistent with those of the glaciological method. The balance velocity calculated from recent ice thickness soundings
Atmosphere ; Atmospheric circulation ; Energybalance ; Model ; Winter
A diagnostic energetics scheme is developed in order to investigate the energy flows in the three-dimensional spectral domain in the atmosphere. This energetics scheme is applied to the data during the winter from December 1978 to February 1979.
This paper focuses on the energybalance's longwave radiation component for selected summer daytime periods in the Annapurna region of central Nepal and various mountain sites in Kashmir and Ladakh of northwestern India.
Controls on energy and carbon fluxes from select high-latitude terrestrial surfaces
Arctic Region ; Canada ; Carbon ; Climatic warming ; Cold area ; Ecosystem ; Energybalance ; Northwest Territories ; Peat bog ; Permafrost ; Radiation ; Temperature ; Vegetation
This paper aims to more fully delineate the manner in which the unique nature of the high-latitude environment influences the physical processes that drive the energy and mass fluxes at the terrestrial surface. The surface energybalance
sensitive environment climatically and as a result the energy and carbon fluxes will undergo a rapid and large magnitude response to climatic change.
Attitude ; Conservation de l'énergie ; Croissance urbaine ; Demande d'énergie ; Développement industriel ; Energie ; Environnement ; Gestion de l'environnement ; Géographie humaine ; Industrie ; Protection de l'environnement ; Ressource énergétique
solutions partielles sont inadéquates: c'est un problème de culture, qui doit ètre pris en compte et résolu, ou planifié, globalement, l'environnement formant un tout. Auquel l'espèce humaine appartient. Historique des idées sur l'énergie, la croissance et
Modelling long-term summer and winter balances and the climate sensitivity of Storbreen, Norway
Albedo ; Climatic variability ; Glacier ; Glacier mass balance ; Model ; Norway ; Precipitation ; Temperature
Albedo ; Balance de masa ; Helero ; Modelo ; Precipitación ; Temperatura ; Variabilidad climática
Measurements of winter balance (bw) and summer balance (bs) have been carried out at Storbreen since 1949. Here, the AA. apply a simple mass balance model to study the climate sensitivity and to reconstruct the mass balance series prior to 1949
. The model is calibrated and validated with data from an automatic weather station (AWS) operating in the ablation zone of Storbreen since 2001. Results from the model compared well with reported mass balance values for the period 1949-2006. Reconstruction
of the mass balance series for the period 1924/1925-1948/1949 suggested a cumulative mass deficit mainly due to highly negative summer balances.
[b1] Section for Glaciers, Snow and Ice, Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE), oslo, Norvege
A simple model of urban canyon energy budget and its validation
Energybalance ; Heat flow ; Model ; Numerical model ; Radiation ; Spatial variation ; Street ; Temperature ; Town ; Urban climate ; Wind ; Wind speed
The objective of this work is to develop and validate a simple model of urban canyon energy budgets that is sensitive to the morphology of the canyon and to changing meteorological conditions but requires simple input data. The model has modest
computational demands so that canyon energy budgets can be evaluated at multiple points within a city environment to take into account spatial variations of canyon form, materials, and orientations.