Commuting ; Employment ; Germany ; North Rhine Westfalia ; Outer conurbation area ; Rural-urban relations ; Transport ; Woman
The commuting relations in North Rine - Westphalia have developed very dynamically from 1987 to 2002. In this connection the net rate of incoming commuters has increased in many higher order centers, while inter alia the shares of commuting flows
within rural areas and in the fringe zones of urban agglomerations indicated the decentralization of employment. Above average increases are found in the number of female occupational commuters, for whom par-time employment is an important option. More
than 80 % of the occupational commuters in par-time employment are female. The increase in commuter flows, the growth of the distances covered in this process and the increased dispersion are also reflected in the transport expenses. - (IfL)
Commuting ; Distance ; Labour migration ; Polycentrism ; Region ; Urban dynamics
The article analyses the spatial pattern of occupational commuting in the nine regions. Only the commuters liable to pay social security contributions who cross a municipal boundary on their way to work but who remain within the region were included
. The commuter flows between the municipal classes are then analysed for each region and number of commuters is determined who commute upwards or downwords in the hierarchy of central places within a municipal class. Additionally the average commuting distances
Commuting patterns of secondary school students in the functional urban region of Budapest
Budapest ; Commuting ; Education ; Household behaviour ; Hungary ; Secondary education ; Urban infrastructure ; Urban region
patterns of the resulting commuting. An expansion of the definition of commuting to daily travel to school is suggested based on the fundamental similarities to commuting to work. The analysis is carried out on two levels combining municipality level
Commuting behaviour and urban form : a longitudinal study of a polycentric urban region in Denmark
Commuting ; Denmark ; Form of transport ; Journey to work ; Jylland ; Location ; Urban morphology ; Urban region ; Urban transport
It is an empirical investigation of the relation between urban form and commuting behaviour in a polycentric urban region. It explores to what extent urban form and location variables help to explain commuting time, distance and mode based
on an empirical case, East Jutland, which is a polycentric urban region. Empirical findings indicate that urban form and location variables help to explain the three selected aspects of commuting.
Commuting ; Germany ; Living conditions ; Quality of life ; Residential location ; Satisfaction ; Urban population
Commuting is a routine experience for a lot of people using up sometimes considerable amounts of time five days a week. Moreoer, many people find it a burden. According to standard economic reasoning, the burden of commuting is accepted
if compensated, e. g. by a higher salary or by superior or cheaper housing so that individuals'utility is equalized. The direct test of this idea of equilibrium and full compensation for Germany showed, however, that people with longer commuting time report
Changes in commuting distances of Dutch households
Commuting ; Distance travelled ; Journey to work ; Labour market ; Model ; Netherlands (The) ; Residential location ; Workplace
The economic theory of search is proposed as a theoretical background which motivates the modelling of commuting distance distributions. A sub-sample is used of respondants of the Housing Demand Survey of 1985, approached again in 1988
Commuting ; Journey to work ; Migration ; Public transport ; Regional disparities ; Residential mobility ; Slovenia ; Transport
The paper analyses and explains the phenomenon of daily commutes of workers in Slovenia. The first part of the article presents the daily mobility analysis of workers in the ten biggest employment centers between 2000 and 2009. The second part
Commuting, migration, housing and labour markets : complex interactions
Dans ce numéro spécial consacré aux interactions complexes entre les déplacements en transports en commun, la migration, les marchés du logement et du travail, on trouvera les articles suivants : 1-Optimal commuting and migration decisions under
commuting cost cncertainty ; 2- Commuter effects on local labour markets : a German modelling study ; 3-Are commuters in the EU better educated than non-commuters but worse than migrants? 4-Til work do us part : the social fallacy of long-distance commuting
; 5-The nature of urban growth and the commuting transition : endless sprawl or a growth wave? ; 6-Applying the European spatial development perspective in low-density regions : a methodology based on mobility and labour market structure ; 7-Describing
Moving across borders : who is willing to migrate or to commute?
The willingness to commute and migrate across borders is analysed by focusing on the differences in the effects of individual characteristics on migration and commuting propensities. Through the examples of the Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovakia
bordering on Austria, it demonstrates that the indirect costs of mobility have a smaller impact and gender differences as well as deprivation have a larger impact on the willingness to commute than on the willingness to migrate across borders.
Deconcentration and commuter traffic : trends and policies in the Netherlands
Amsterdam ; Commuting ; Employment ; Netherlands (The) ; Residential location ; Traffic ; Transport ; Urban population ; Urban region
From the 1960s to the late 1980s, residences and jobs have increasingly grown appart spatially in the Netherlands. In the 1990s, this trend was partly reversed with the emergence of city-edge and (post-) suburban office complexes. Still, commuter
traffic accross municipal boundaries kept growing. Dutch commuting pattern and especially those in the urban region of the largest cities have become increasingly complex. The focus lies on recent developments in the Amsterdam urban region. Special
Free zones on the EU borders as the response on reduction of daily commuting through the southern EU border
Commuting ; Croatia ; Economy ; European Union ; Forecast ; Former Yugoslavia ; Free zone ; Frontier ; Migration ; Population growth ; Slovenia
migration in Slovenia and very low population territorial mobility across the Southern border, which got the Characteristics of Schengen border. The paper gives the forecast of daily commuting across the border and migrations of population on the border also
of waiting lines on the border crossings is used for forecasts of migrations and daily commuting. - (BJ).
Commuting and residential strategies in the Ile-de-France : individual behaviour and spatial constraints
Commuting ; Distance travelled ; France ; Housing cost ; Ile-de-France ; Journey to work ; Life cycle ; Paris ; Residential choice ; Residential location ; Social status ; Urban structure
For several decades, the transformations of Paris have concerned urban spatial structures, the sociodemographic structure of the population and individual behaviour. Increased daily mobility and commuting cannot be explained without reference
of residential strategies on commuting by analyzing the structure of the region.
Job/housing imbalance and commuting time in the Atlanta metropolitan area : exploration of causes of longer commuting time
Atlanta ; Commuting ; Geographical information system ; Georgia (USA) ; Journey to work ; Residential location ; Spatial equilibrium ; United States of America ; Urban area ; Workplace
En s'inspirant de la réflexion de P. Claval sur les villes et d'Alfred Marshall sur les localités industrielles, l'A. propose de faire de la notion de commutation (capacité d'établir des relations variables et temporaires avec des partenaires
multiples) un analyseur de l'économie de l'agglomération. Le dispositif de commutation juxtapose et mêle réseaux techniques et réseaux sociaux. L'A. caractérise l'économie de l'agglomération contemporaine, reposant moins sur l'appartenance à un même monde de