Endogenous change in an interregional system of growth centers: an application to the Central American commonmarket
Amérique centrale ; Central American CommonMarket, ODECA ; Commerce inter régional ; Costa Rica ; Diffusion ; Développement ; El Salvador ; Flux interrégional ; Formalisation ; Guatemala ; Géographie humaine ; Honduras ; Interaction spatiale
Revitalisation of Common Use in Management of Modern Multifunctional Landscapes
Coastal environment ; Common land ; Commons ; Land ; Land use ; Landscape ; Multifunctionality ; Production ; Property right ; Resource management ; Underground water ; land use ; multifunctionality ; property rights ; regulation
Land areas in collective ownership or use are traditionally referred to as commons. Through history, the common use and ownership has been a widespread means of regulating the use of natural resources. Changing economic conditions and technology
spawned a process however where land use rights and landowner rights aggregated into the modern form of private ownership of individual farms with full management and owner rights. This process had obvious rationales in terms of production of marketable
agricultural products. However, in the twentieth century increasing awareness of the supply of externalities such as clean groundwater and recreational opportunities from landscapes turned the attention once again to commons as an instrument for managing
State policies, markets, land-use practices, and common property : fifty years of change in a Yunnan village, China
Air photographs for 1965, 1981, and 1992, semistructured interviews and other methods are used to assess changes in land cover, land-tenure, and market structure. Authors found that new nature reserve increased forest cover, but also placed more
pressure on remaining land, leading to land degradation. Growth in market for cash crops has led to more sustainable land use practices, but has been associated with various dire consequences for the ordinary villager. - (SLD)
The Single European Market, the environment and the railway
Common policy ; Environment ; Germany ; Pollution ; Railway ; Road traffic ; Single European Market ; Transport policy
The realization of the Single European Market will produce a significant growth in traffic, especially road traffic, beginning in 1993. This will also result in additional environmental pollution. For decades the railway has been suffering from
distortions in competition which must be removed. The EC Commission presented proposals along these lines in January 1990. The railway would have good opportunities in the transportation market following their implementation. - (L'A.).
Economic crisis ; Economic restructuring ; Employment ; Labour market ; Large city ; Manpower ; Mexico ; Urban economy ; Urban hierarchy
The objective of the paper is to examine the main changes in the metropolitan labor markets associated withe economic restructuring in Mexico during the late 1980s and beginning of the 1990s. The analysis refers to the four largest metropoles
of the country, looking for common characteristics in their emergent employment structures. There was a rapid de-industrialization, the expansion of the tertiary sector, and a general process of precarization, segmentation of the labor force and an increasing
Agricultural CommonMarket ; Agricultural policy ; Common agricultural policy ; Common policy ; Development strategy ; Regional development ; Rural area ; Socio-economic system ; Spain