Diffusion ; England ; Housing ; Social change ; Suburbs ; United Kingdom ; Urban landscape ; Urban morphology ; Urban settlement
The paper explores the external physical changes to owner-occupied houses that have occurred in the second half of the 20th century. It focuses on suburban roads developed in the inter-war period in England. The changes examined include the building
Climatic variation ; Environment ; Global change ; Holocene ; Human impact ; Ice core ; Impact ; Isotope analysis ; Landscape ; Perception ; Photography ; Pollen diagram ; Texas ; United States of America
This paper explores the commonly negative human reaction to environmental change. First, it assesses landscape change, defined specifically as the modification of land cover characteristics in the United States over the last couple of decades
. Second, the paper describes global change, the human modification of major natural processes, again largely over the previous several decades. Third, the paper portrays the writing of Texas naturalist Roy Bedichek as a more positive human response
Complex responses to global change at alpine treeline
Environmental change and physical geography
Changement global ; Dendroclimatologie ; Ecotone ; Etats-Unis ; Limite supérieure de la forêt ; Montagne ; Rocky Mountains ; Simulation ; Variation climatique ; Variation spatiale ; Végétation
Climatic variation ; Dendroclimatology ; Ecotone ; Global change ; Mountain ; Rocky Mountains ; Simulation ; Spatial variation ; Tree line ; United States of America ; Vegetation
Global change is complex in 2 senses. First, multiple interactions are involved. Second, the interactions include nonlinear relations. Most interesting problems in physical geography are so constructed. In this paper, the A. examines some
of the consequences of nonlinear relations in the response of the alpine treeline to ecotone to global climatic change.
This paper starts by examining the changes that take place in the Scottish landscape and the factors that are responsible for these changes (natural disturbances, such as climate change and fire; man-made disturbances, such as sheep grazing
and deforestation). How rapidly and over what spatial scales these changes take place is considered, and then the interactions between the different factors that cause change are addressed. How this can accelerate changes and so increase landscape sensitivity
is considered. Lastly, whether the sensitivity of the Scottish landscape is likely to increase or decrease under predicted climate change scenarios is briefly discussed.
Landscape sensitivity is expressed as the ratio of the change in a system to the change in a landscape component. The larger the ratio, the greater the sensitivity. An array of drivers of landscape change is reviewed, but there is seen to be little
benefit in separating natural changes from human-induced changes. Changes in the systems themselves are reviewed, including the increasing evidence for 2 or more system states being possible.
Environmental change in Glacier National Park, Montana : an assessment through repeat photography from fire lookouts
Environmental change and physical geography
This paper describes a largely unrecognized source of panoramic photographs from the 1930s for fire lookouts in the American West, and uses a set of those photographs from Glacier National Park (GNP), to illustrate landscape changes through
rephotography. The AA. rephotographed 360° panoramas from 9 of the same fire lookouts and qualitatively and quantitatively compared the nature and amount of landscape change from 1935 to the late 1990s. Geomorphic changes in general were less distinct than
Coastal sensitivity to environmental change : a view from the beach
Using mainly Scottish soft coast examples, the changes associated with sensitive coastal landscapes are assessed in terms of the past timing and magnitude of changes in both sea level and sediment economy. Declining abundance of coastal sediment has
initiated a process of internal re-organisation that, because of an inherent sensitivity to sea level change and low thresholds for the forcing of change, fundamentally restricts future management options. The paper also attempts to show that hard rock
coasts are also responsive to particular types of event on short time scales and examples are discussed that modify the accepted view of hard rock insensitivity to environmental change.
The landscape sensitivity concept concerns the likelihood that a given change in the controls of a system or the forces applied to the system will produce a sensible, recognisable, and persistent response. Change takes place through time and space
forces, spatial interactions with structure, divergent pathways of change propagation, evolution of barriers to change, effects of inheritance, and the effects of change on system specifications all need to be understood at all temporal and spatial scales.
Records of climatic changes in the carbonate profiles of Russian Chernozems
Records in soils of environmental and anthropogenic changes
(irrigation) and natural changes of moisture regime. The results for irrigation served as the basis for understanding the response to natural climatic changes. Thereby, the AA. determine changes in natural environmental conditions during the second half
of the Holocene from changes in carbonate profiles of a soil chronosequence.
Changements du climat global. Rôle des actions anthropiques
Action anthropique ; Aérosol ; Changement global ; Effet de serre ; Modèle ; Prévision ; Siècle 21
Aerosol ; Forecast ; Global change ; Greenhouse effect ; Human impact ; Model ; Twenty-first century
Les changements du climat d'après les données d'observations. La modification de la concentration des gaz à effet de serre. Les modèles climatiques. La prévisibilité du climat. Les scénarios des rejets de gaz à effet de serre et des aérosols jusq'en
2100. Découverte des changements du climat et établissement de leurs causes. Estimations des changements possibles du climat dans le futur. Questions exigeant une recherche ultérieure.
Cashing out, cashing in : rural change on the south coast of Western Australia
Australie ; Changement social ; Enquête ; Géographie rurale ; Immigration ; Migration intérieure ; Mutation rurale ; Restructuration économique ; Stratégie d'acteurs ; Théorie de la structuration ; Western Australia
Australia ; Decision making process ; Economic restructuring ; Enquiry ; Immigration ; Internal migration ; Rural change ; Rural geography ; Social change ; Structuration theory ; Western Australia
la beauté du paysage et les bas prix fonciers, se sont installés. Le capital culturel a ainsi vu augmenter sa valeur marchande. Changements intervenant en association avec des processus plus larges de restructuration et des notions mouvantes relatives
A simple mass balance model provides insight into the hydrologic, isotopic, and chemical responses of Lake Titicaca to past climatic changes. Latest Pleistocene climate of the Altiplano is assumed to have been 20% wetter and 5°C colder than today
, based on previous modelling. The simulation of lacustrine change since 15,000 cal yr B.P. is forced by these modeled climate changes. Here the AA. employ an isotopic and chemical model in order to assess the magnitude of hydrologic changes required
to produce the observed lake-level changes and to investigate the expected isotopic and chemical response of the lake to water balance changes.
Diatom, pollen, and chemical evidence of Postglacial climatic change at Big Lake, South-Central British Columbia, Canada
This multidisciplinary study was undertaken to better understand the long-term climatic changes in the southern interior of British Columbia over the Holocene. Big Lake was identified as a study site because it experienced declines in lake level
and increases in salinity coincident with the drought of the late 1980s and early 1990s. In this paper the AA. infer changes in climatic conditions by using floristic changes in the diatom assemblages and associated inferences of salinity, lake level
, and nutrients; concentrations and relative abundances of pollen and phototrophic pigments; biogenica silica (BSi); and changes in the proportion of organic and inorganic matter of sediments.
The AA. compare the Taylor Dome oxygen isotope record with the isotope records of Vostok and Byrd Station, Antarctica, and GISP2, Greenland. The features of the Taylor Dome δ O 18 record suggest that climate changes were essentially synchronous
in both hemispheres. Changes in ocean circulation heat transport may, however, have temporarily masked the global signal in certain regions of the ocean and in adjacent land areas, including eastern to central North America, Greenland, Europe, and also
Holocene monsoon changes inferred from lake sediment pollen and carbonate records, northeastern Cambodia
Major Holocene monsoon changes in continental southeast Asia are reconstructed from analysis of C 14 dated changes in pollen and organic/inorganic carbon in sediment cores taken from permanent, closed-basin, volcanic lakes in Ratanakiri Province
, northeastern Cambodia. Analysis focuses on the nature and timing of monsoon changes, inferred from changes in vegetation and lake conditions. This record is also significant for representing a lowland tropical forest setting in Asia.
Années 1980 ; Années 1990 ; Changement global ; Concept ; Environnement ; Géographie physique ; Géosystème ; Histoire de la géographie ; Recherche ; Système d'information géographique ; Télédétection
Concept ; Environment ; Geographical information system ; Geosystem ; Global change ; History of geography ; Physical geography ; Remote sensing ; Research ; Years 1980-89 ; Years 1990-99
Developments in physical geography since 1985 include not only continuation of pre-existing trends towards quantification, model building, process investigations, human impact and applications, but also changes prompted by the range of new
of physical geography. By 2000 a series of issues can be identified including the increasingly holistic trend, greater awareness of a global approach and of environmental change problems.
The sensitivity of Scottish rivers and upland valley floors to recent environmental change
Analyse de sensibilité ; Changement global ; Circulation atmosphérique ; Cours d'eau ; Crue ; Evolution de vallée ; Lit fluvial ; Royaume-Uni ; Scotland ; Siècle 19 ; Utilisation du sol
Atmospheric circulation ; Flood ; Global change ; Land use ; Nineteenth Century ; River bed ; Scotland ; Sensitivity analysis ; Stream ; United Kingdom ; Valley floor evolution
This paper examines the stability of river channels and their associated valley floors in the uplands of Scotland since 1750. Changes in global-scale atmospheric circulation patterns during this period have resulted in regionally district flood-rich
and flood-poor periods with potential geomorphic impacts. Changes in the planform of 9 active rivers in the piedmont zone of upland Scotland are examined from series of rectified maps and aerial photographs at scales close to 1:10 000. Differences
Agriculture ; China ; Climatic variation ; Farm income ; Global change ; Impact ; Model ; Precipitation ; Simulation ; Temperature ; Twenty-first century
This paper provides the first detailed estimates of the economic impact of climate change on the agricultural sector in China. The analysis computes the impacts of changes in temperature and precipitation on agricultural net revenue per hectare