This paper outlines status of meteorological and climatological research at the start of the twenty-first century centred on 4 main topics. First, the paper will review the monitoring and measurement of surface parameters that directly affect
the earth/atmosphere interactions. The next section deals with the measurement of radiation, together with aerosols that directly influence the radiation balance of the climate system. Hydrometeorological aspects are then addressed with the observation
[b1] School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Univ., Birmingham, Royaume-Uni
[a1] School of Geography, Univ., Nottingham, Royaume-Uni
Climatologie ; Date 1912 ; Dérive des continents ; Epistémologie ; Géophysique ; Interaction terre-atmosphère ; MILANKOVIĆ (M.) ; Météorologie ; Sciences de la Terre ; WEGENER (A.)
. Their contributions simultaneously did for the Earthsciences what the theory of evolution did for biology and what the theory of relativity did for physics. This paper follows the strange synchronicity in their life and work cycles. - (IKR)
The year 1912 is annus mirabilis for Earthsciences. In two crucial papers Alfred Wegener and Milutin Milanković independently set up revolutionary theories based on far-reaching visions of continental drift and climate orbital forcing
If it is to be a complete science of landforms and landscapes , geomorphology is not appropriately limited geographically to the terrestrial portions of Earth's surface. Various systems of landforms and their generative processes are best understood
in a full planetary context. Geomorphological inquiry is not appropriately limited in its philosophical presumptions to the reductionist views that have so successfully guided much of physics. Holistic thinking, exemplified by some aspects of evolutionary
[b2] Dept. of Planetary Sciences, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Etats-Unis
[b1] Dept. of Hydrology and Water Resources, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Etats-Unis
Applied climatology ; Atmosphere ; England ; Forest ; Heat island ; Infrared ; Photointerpretation ; Radiation ; Remote sensing ; Soil temperature ; United Kingdom ; Urban climate
Over the last decade, a number of applications have been developed which utilize ground-based hemispherical photography. The collection of such imagery can be described as upside-down remote sensing as, instead of viewing the Earth from a platform
in the sky, techniques are being employed to view the sky from the Earth. This paper reviews the current theory and potential applications of upside-down remote sensing across the electromagnetic spectrum. To date, apparatus has been developed to detect
various wavelengths between ultraviolet and infrared. Potential applications using these wavelengths are numerous and currently span urban climatology, forest climatology and transportation.
[b1] School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Univ., Birmingham, Royaume-Uni
the climate as a system; also the oceans, the solid crust of the Earth, the ice extents were considered among its elements. So a global climatology was founded. A different trend addressed today's climatology towards applied purposes (support of economic
activities), while sciences rose as historical climatology, urban climatology and human bioclimatology.
At the beginning of this half-century, the synoptic (or dynamic) climatology was rising, but its diffusion was slow and contested. In the 1960s, technological changes (as satellites and computers) allow to carry out fast improvements and to regard
Concept ; Echelle ; Epistémologie ; Géographie ; Géomorphologie ; Géosystème ; Sciences de la Terre
This paper has been stimulated by a debate triggered by the then British Geomorphological Research Group (now the British Society for Geomorphology) about the connections between geomorphology and Earth system science (ESS). The AA. begin
by considering the sociology of science, scientific knowledge and technology, before moving to a consideration of the historical relationship amongst geomorphology, geology and physical geography; and to some perspectives this might offer for the current debate
. Epistemological issues, arising both from the use of systems theory over multiple spatial and temporal scales, and from the demands of contemporary environmental science, are then introduced, and these lead to a conclusion that geomorphology might more
[b1] Dept. of Geography, Univ., Cambridge, Royaume-Uni
[b2] School of Geography, Univ., Nottingham, Royaume-Uni
Information sources in the EarthSciences. Second edition
Bibliography ; Climatology ; Data base ; Documentation ; Earthsciences ; Geomorphology ; Regional geology ; Soil sciences ; World
Base de données ; Bibliographie ; Climatologie ; Documentation ; Géologie régionale ; Géomorphologie ; Monde ; Pédologie ; Sciences de la Terre
Cet ouvrage sur les sources documentaires en sciences de la terre comprend 2 parties : l'une, générale, présente les différents outils (périodiques, bibliothèque, bibliographies, bases de données, cartes, télédétection); la 2e donne pour chacune des
13 branches des sciences de la terre des éléments plus précis.
The place of geography in the studies on the Man and the Earth system
The system Man and the Earth is investigated by various disciplines starting from the earth and biological sciences upto physics, chemistry, economic, social, agricultural and technical sciences. The geographical sciences should try to keep
Concept ; Earthsciences ; Environmental conservation ; Globalization ; Nineteenth Century ; Physical geography ; Political ecology ; Society-environment relationship ; Sustainable development ; Twentieth Century
Concept ; Développement durable ; Ecologie politique ; Géographie physique ; Mondialisation ; Protection de l'environnement ; Relation société-environnement ; Sciences de la Terre ; Siècle 19 ; Siècle 20
Although globalization is a term usually restricted to economics and the social sciences, there are aspects of the phenomenon that are intimately linked to the practice and purpose of the physical and environmental sciences and exemplified through
may be seen historically in the global export of western science, including Physical Geography, that underpinned colonial resource exploitation, and which subsequently laid to the foundations for the worldwide conservation movement. Globalization
is also at work in setting contemporary scientific agendas that are focused on larger-scale issues of environment and development and environmental change, particularly in an emergent Earth System Science, and also in Sustainability Science. These global
Physical Geography. At a fundamental level, Physical Geography has always sought to describe and understand the multiple subsystems of the environment and their connections with human activity : it is global and globalizing at its very roots. Globalization
agendas are not simply shared with but also co-produced by the public, politicians and commercial interests, providing both opportunities and challenges for traditional diciplines and traditional disciplinary practices such as Physical Geography.
[b1] School of Geography, Univ., Nottingham, Royaume-Uni
and autumn chemical characteristics (chemical climatology), especially the anthropogenic species, of the fog water sampled at the western slope of Mt. Tateyama, which faces the Asia continent. They also describe the characteristics of seasalt components
[a1] Lab. for Climatology and Remote Sensing, Univ., Marburg, Allemagne
[b1] Prefectural Univ., Toyama, Japon
[b2] Earth Consul, Toyama, Japon
[b3] Science Museum, Toyama, Japon
[b4] Kyushu Univ. Forest, Fukuoka, Japon
[a2] Inst. of Agricultural Sciences, Zürich, Suisse
Biography ; Hydrology ; Physical geography ; Research ; Twentieth Century
and geomorphology, and on water and environmental planning appeared in the 1960s and 1970s. His career embraced a wide variety of research institutes and universities, including his chair of earth and planetary science and landscape architecture at the University
Luna B. Leopold was one of the great geologists and physical geographers of the twentieth century, who is famous for his contributions to hydrology, fluvial geomorphology, and environmental policy. His seminal books on fluvial processes
Annual floods in New England (USA) and Atlantic Canada : synoptic climatology and generating mechanisms
Canada ; Climatic trend ; Flood ; Hydroclimatology ; New England ; North America ; Precipitation ; Seasonality ; Synoptic climatology ; United States of America ; Weather type
The AA. analyzed a set of long-term annual flood records at climate-sensitive stream gauges across New England (USA) and Atlantic Canada and classified the synoptic climatology of each annual flood, quantitatively describing the precipitation
[b4] Dept. of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, Etats-Unis
[b3] Dept. of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, Etats-Unis
[b2] Dept. of Geography , State Univ., Kent, Etats-Unis
[b1] United Nations University - ITC School for Disaster Geo-Information Management. International Inst. for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation, Enschede, Pays-Bas
[b2] Center for EarthScience Studies, Kerala, Inde
[b3] Dept. of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Pays-Bas
Geography and the Paris Academy of Sciences : politics and patronage in early 18th-century France
Académie des Sciences ; Cartographie ; Discipline scientifique ; France ; Géographie historique ; Géographie physique ; Histoire de la géographie ; Ile-de-France ; Paris ; Patronage ; Siècle 18
Cartography ; Eighteenth Century ; France ; Historical geography ; History of geography ; Ile-de-France ; Paris ; Physical geography
This essay examines how the Paris Academy of Sciences, came to recognise geography as an independent science in 1730. It demonstrates that the rise of Newtonian mathematics and the associated controversy about the shape of the earth challenged
and distinctively modern science was ultimately facilitated by traditional networks of patronage within the French Royal Court.
[b1] School of Geography, Univ., Nottingham, Royaume-Uni